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Water Resources Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
The water-use cycle is composed of the water cycle with the added influence of human activity. Dams, reservoirs, canals, aqueducts, withdrawal pipes in rivers, and groundwater wells all reveal that humans have a major impact on the water cycle. In the water-use cycle, water moves from a source to a point of use, and then to a point of disposition. The sources of water are either surface water or groundwater. Water is withdrawn and moved from a source to a point of use, such as an industry, restaurant, home, or farm. After water is used, it must be disposed of (or sometimes, reused). Used water is either directly returned to the environment or passes through a treatment processing plant before being returned.
Ecosystem Services And Human Well-Being
Published in Shakeel Hayat, Inclusive Development and Multilevel Transboundary Water Governance, 2020
The water cycle expresses how water travels above, on, and through the Earth (Vörösmarty and Sahagian 2000). However, more water is stored in ice-sheets and glaciers as compared to the water in the water cycle at any point in time on the Earth’s surface (Radić and Hock 2014; Siegert 2006). Approximately 90% of the ice mass of Earth is in Antarctica (Rignot et al. 2011). Similarly the Greenland ice cap covers 10% of the total global ice quantity (Hanna and Braithwaite 2003; Nordhaus 2018). The ice cap averages about 5,000 feet (approximately 1524 meters) in thickness, but can be as thick as 14,000 feet (approximately 4,268 meters) (USGS 2018). The National Snow and Ice Data Centre of the United States of America (USA) reveals that seas would rise by about 230 feet (approximately 70 meters) if all glaciers melted today (ibid).
Global Water Resources
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
The process known as the hydrologic, or water cycle has played a crucial role in the formation and distribution of all water resources on Earth today. The water cycle is used to describe the constant circulation of water through its three phases of solid, liquid, and gas. Figure 10.1 is a depiction of the water cycle by the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS 2019). This depiction shows how water contained in its solid snow/ice phase will undergo melting, which involves a phase change from solid to liquid. This phase change results in the formation of rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The next part of the cycle is a phase change of water from liquid to gas. This change is commonly known as evaporation. The water cycle is completed when the gaseous phase of water contained in the atmosphere begins condensing. As this water moves out of the gaseous phase, it will transform back into either liquid or solid water depending on where in the world the water is completing the water cycle.
Exploration of different maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Water cycle algorithm is basically inspired by the water cycle in the real life. Water cycle algorithm is used to solve different constraints-based problems and real-life engineering design problems. Hydrological cycle is another name for the water cycle. Water cycle represents the continuous movement of water below and above the earth surface. Water cycle consists of Condensation, Evaporation, Precipitation and collection. In this algorithm, assume we have fist precipitation/ rain. The initial population is in the form of raindrops. The best raindrop is chosen as sea. River is the number of raindrops, and the stream is the rest of the raindrops. Each river absorbs water from stream (Eskandar et al. 2012). The first step is to create an initial population that is raindrops. The raindrops are . Then the second step is to calculate the fitness value or cost of each individual/raindrops. The fitness values are calculated using any fitness function. The raindrops having minimum value among all is considered as best solution, i.e. Sea. Raindrops having minimum fitness values are considered as stream and river. is the summation of number of rivers and a single sea.
Construction of water space characteristics in Yuanjiang City based on urban water management framework
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Taking the water resource endowment of Yuanjiang City as the main water characteristic, exploring the best integration method of water and natural habitat, human environment, historical context, land space, economic development and other aspects can fully embody the ecological value, aesthetic value, spatial value, cultural value, social value, and economic value of the water resource landscape of Yuanjiang City. While realizing the coordinated development of ‘man, water and city’ and creating a beautiful, pleasant and sustainable living space, it also achieves the purpose of conservation of water ecology, the guarantee of water safety, the water culture heritage, maintenance of the water cycle and revitalization of the water economy (Xia, Jian, and Yuewen 2010). This way, the city will attract people through the most superior natural environment, retain people through a more humanistic quality space, and create charm through a more open and vital city (Jing et al. 2019).
Advancing integrated research on European river–sea systems: the DANUBIUS-RI project
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2018
C. Bradley, M. J. Bowes, J. Brils, J. Friedrich, J. Gault, S. Groom, T. Hein, P. Heininger, P. Michalopoulos, N. Panin, M. Schultz, A. Stanica, I. Andrei, A. Tyler, G. Umgiesser
Globally, rivers and seas are confronted by a suite of environmental problems: the dynamics of the water cycle have been increasingly affected by human activities, with effects that in some cases are being compounded by ongoing changes in climate and land use. The scale of these problems is such as to require a stronger interdisciplinary focus, to develop and apply new ways to integrate environmental research and stakeholder communities. In this article we introduced the pan-European distributed research infrastructure, DANUBIUS-RI, which seeks to address this need at the freshwater–marine interface. The proposal envisages nodes, focussing on observation, modelling, analysis, and impact, with supersites in eight countries, a Technology Transfer Office, a Data Centre, and a Hub. Further development of the proposal provides opportunities for community engagement to ensure that the RI provides the facilities required to strengthen transdisciplinary research on European river–sea systems.