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Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Stratigraphy is one of the many structural features of sedimentary rock. Stratigraphy deals with the classification, nomenclature, correlation and interpretation of the stratified sedimentary rock. The stratigraphy defines the rock layering or strata. The plural of the word ‘stratum’ is strata; stratigraphy tells about the layers sequence of the rock. Stratigraphy and sedimentology are related geological subjects. Overlapping between the two exists as evident from the following description of stratigraphy. The formation of strata or layering in a rock is known as the stratification process; a stratified sedimentary rock is shown in Figure 4.4.
Geology of Urban Watersheds
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Urban Watersheds, 2020
Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers or unconsolidated sediment and strata; particularly their ages, composition, and relationship with other layers (AGI 1962; Christopherson 2008). In geology, the term strata refers to the layers of rock or sediment with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes it from contiguous layers (Krumbein and Sloss 1963). Each individual layer or stratum is generally one of a number of parallel and originally horizontal layers that were deposited by natural forces and lay one upon the other. Therefore, the study of stratigraphy of a particular area provides important clues concerning its geologic history. The origins of stratigraphy date back to Italy in the mid-1600s. A Danish anatomist named Nicolas Steno was studying shark teeth and noticed the similarity to fossils of shark teeth in Italy. He deduced that the fossils were remnants of past life. Based on his observations, he later deduced that deep rock layers in the Earth were older and that successive layers above gradually become younger. This was later expounded by Hutton and became known as the Principle of Superposition described below (Hongren 2004).
Stratigraphy
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
The field of stratigraphy involves the study of rock layers (strata). Some principles of stratigraphy can be applied to volcanic or metamorphic rocks, but usually when geologists mention stratigraphy they are thinking of sedimentary rocks only. The key principles that make stratigraphy possible were presented in the previous chapter: Sedimentary rocks have distinctive characteristics that allow different kinds to be told apart.Different kinds of sediments, and subsequently sedimentary rocks, represent different depositional environments.Figure 9.8 shows an approximately 100-mile north-south cross section of the geology between Paunsaugunt Plateau near Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah and Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. At the lowest levels, igneous and metamorphic basement rocks are exposed near the Colorado River in the bottom the Grand Canyon. Above the basement, the rocks are all sedimentary up to the Paunsaugunt Plateau, where some volcanic rocks are found. The region from the north rim of the Grand Canyon to the Paunsaugunt Plateau is called the Grand Staircase, because it is marked by several steep cliff outcrops formed of erosion-resistant rocks. The rocks exposed in the staircase include many kinds and represent almost 500 million years of Earth history.
A review of the Gippsland Basin history based on comparison of 3D structural, stratigraphic and forward sedimentation models: recognition of source, reservoir, traps and canyons
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
The basin is a prolific petroleum and coal basin, which has led to acquisition of an abundant geological dataset including 3D and 2D seismic, gravity and aeromagnetic surveys, thousands of coal bores, deep onshore and offshore petroleum wells, with large petrophysical log, core, analytical and biostratigraphic datasets and excellent outcrops for part of the stratigraphic section. Consequently, the geology of the basin is well known from detailed industry, government and academic studies carried out over the past 100 years or more that include tectonic, structural, sedimentary, petrological, biostratigraphic and burial history studies (comprehensive compilations are provided in Birch, 2003). Most aspects of Gippsland Basin geology have had extensive publications by industry and research groups, including detailed sedimentary and facies interpretations of parts of the stratigraphy or parts of the basin. Yet, to date, no sedimentary modelling has been published that covers the entire basin sedimentary history from the Early Cretaceous to Holocene to better understand how the basin stratigraphy evolved.
Mapping a coastal transition in braided systems: an example from the Precipice Sandstone, Surat Basin
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2018
V. Bianchi, F. Zhou, D. Pistellato, M. Martin, S. Boccardo, J. Esterle
The facies, facies associations and interpreted depositional environments are summarised in Table 2. The facies associations are grouped into fluvial environments and coastal environments, which define the lower allounit and the upper allounit, respectively. Allo-stratigraphy interprets facies and their genetic relationships, and differs from lithostratigraphy by the use of discontinuities and surfaces to partition the depositional succession (North America Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1983). These discontinuities and surfaces are assumed to have time significance and include unconformities, non-depositional, ravinement, and flooding surfaces (Catuneanu et al., 2009).
Function and status of structural geology in the Resource industry
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
From greenfields to brownfields exploration, the change is from geochemistry and geophysics with minor drilling providing a poor indication of what the geology may be to one where the now accessible stratigraphy, lithology and structure are paramount. Importantly, as we could not have the brownfields growth without the initial find, there is no suggestion here that brownfields should replace greenfields exploration. Many finds grow significantly after mining has commenced. With social licence, infrastructure and contracts in place, a brownfields addition is commonly magnitudes more beneficial than any discovery made in greenfields.