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Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Petroleum source rock is an organic, rich, fine-grained sedimentary rock from which hydrocarbons are generated or are capable of being generated. The coarse-grained rock is unfit to act as source rock. In coarse-grained rock supply, the drain and loss of the sediments along with organic matter are too rapid for them to be preserved for conversion to petroleum over geological time. Source rock is capable of preservation, conversion and expelling the formed oil and gas, under geological conditions of temperature, pressure and time. The definitions of ‘source rock’, ‘potential source rock’ and ‘effective source rock’ are given below: Petroleum source rock. ‘It has the capability to form an accumulation of oil and gas. The source rock can generate and expel enough hydrocarbons’.Potential source rock. ‘It is the one that is too immature to generate petroleum in natural shallow setting. But the rock will form significant quantities of petroleum when heated in the laboratory or during deep burial with time’.Effective petroleum sources rock. ‘It is the one that has already formed and expelled petroleum to carrier/reservoir rock’.
Energy Resources
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Rocks where petroleum forms, or could form, are called source rocks. Most source rocks are organic-rich shales and siltstones, generally of marine origin. Petroleum, however, typically does not remain where first generated because it is less dense than surrounding rock. This density difference causes the buoyant hydrocarbons to migrate and flow upward. Additionally, hydrocarbons float on water, so if left unchecked, they will rise to the top of the water table. If the hydrocarbons reach the surface, gas will escape to the atmosphere, and petroleum may create an oil seep, such as the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles (Fig. 14.6). Such seeps—which produce oil, asphalt, and tar—are common worldwide and have been energy sources since early times. However, most seeps are small, and unfortunately, as petroleum sits at the surface, it oxidizes or decomposes due to bacterial activity. Consequently, energy value goes down.
Applying artificial intelligent and empirical techniques for prediction of total organic carbon content from wireline data: A case study from Pabdeh Formation in Mansuri oilfield, SW Iran
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Bahram Alizadeh, Seyed Rasoul Seyedali, Iman Zahmatkesh, Hashem Sarafdokht
Source rocks capable of generating substantial quantities of oil and gas are considered among the critical elements of a petroleum system (Al-Hajeri et al. 2009). Therefore, source rock evaluation is of great importance for hydrocarbon exploration in a prospective basin. The organic richness, which is generally represented by total organic carbon (TOC), is one of the key factors controlling the hydrocarbon generation potential of a source rock (Peters and Cassa 1994; McCarthy et al. 2011). The experimental methods developed for determining TOC content (e.g., Rock-Eval and LECO) are generally expensive and time-consuming. On the other hand, the direct appraisal of TOC is not feasible if the source rock interval is not penetrated. In order to overcome these deficiencies, several researchers (e.g., Fertl and Rieke 1980; Passey et al. 1990; Huang and Williamson 1996; Alizadeh, Najjari, and Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi 2012) have so far tried to qualify and quantify TOC content in an indirect, less expensive and faster manner using the wireline data. Generally, the organic-rich rocks are characterized by higher gamma-ray, neutron and sonic log responses. Besides, thermally mature source rocks, from which the petroleum has been generated, demonstrate the higher resistivity. In contrast, the density wireline data and TOC content are inversely related (Meyer and Nederlof 1984; Passey et al. 1990).
An extended GIS-based Dempster–Shafer theory for play-based hydrocarbon exploration risk analysis under spatial uncertainty conditions, case study: Zagros sedimentary basin, Iran
Published in Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2019
Sahand Seraj, Mahmoud Reza Delavar
The source rock refers to the sedimentary rocks which can generate hydrocarbon (Selly and Sonnenberg 2015). Determining where the source rock is scattered has been claimed to be a considerable hindrance of the PBE (Jiang et al. 2013). The fact is that even effective source rocks fulfill three geochemical requirements which include quantity (or the amount of the organic matter represented by the total organic carbon (TOC)), quality (or the type of the organic matter represented by S1 + S2 and hydrogen index), and thermal maturity (or the extent of burial heating represented by Tmax and R0 and TAI) (Peters and Cassa 1994) as presented in Table 1.
Interaction between slick water and gas shale and its impact on methane desorption: a case study of Longmaxi member shale formation in the northeast of Chongqing, China
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Zhonghua Liu, Yingming Xie, Huan Yang, Hai Qu, Xiaogang Li, Shunpeng Zeng, Zhongpei Ding
The Sichuan Basin is located in southwestern China as shown in Figure 1. This area is tectonically situated northwest of the Yangtze Metaplatform and is surrounded by the Yunnan–Guizhou–Sichuan–Hubei platform fold zone (Wang, et al. 2013). From the latest Ordovician to the earliest Silurian geological period, three major shale formations, including the Wufeng formation, Guanyinqiao formation and Longmaxi formation, are proven sources for shale gas and their lithology, respectively (Li, et al. 2022; Li, et al. 2022). The source rocks provided by these areas are silty shale, siliceous shale and siltstone.