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Reuse
Published in Sarah Bell, Urban Water Sustainability, 2017
Dual-reticulation reuse systems provide treated wastewater for non-potable and drinking water for potable uses in separate distribution networks. The first dual distribution system in the US was built in the 1920s to supply Grand Canyon Village in Arizona (Okun, 1997). Early discussions of integrated urban water management in the 1960s by engineers such as Daniel Okun included propositions for and analysis of dual-reticulated reuse systems (Okun, 1973; Okun et al., 1969). More recently in Europe and Australia housing and public space developments have been built with dual plumbing systems to supply drinking water and recycled water for non-potable use (Guo and Englehardt, 2015; Lazarova et al., 2003; Willis et al., 2011). Other sources of water that may be treated for non-potable reuse include ‘sewer mining’ and ‘stormwater mining’, where water is abstracted from drainage networks (Hatt et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2002).
Hybrid Forward Osmosis (FO)-MD Processes
Published in Kang-Jia Lu, Tai-Shung Chung, Membrane Distillation, 2019
Liang Shen, Yan Wang, Sui Zhang
Sewage refers to the wastewater in the sewer system that is discharged from our daily life. Recovering clean water from the sewage has been practiced in modern urban cities by the use of numerous capital and energy intensive systems (Xie et al. 2013). The major obstacle for the implementation of sewer mining is the development of a treatment system which can produce high-quality water from raw sewage and is simple and robust enough for decentralized applications. Recent researchers have found that the integrated FO-MD system can be a promising candidate for treating sewage.
Fit-for-purpose urban wastewater reuse: Analysis of issues and available technologies for sustainable multiple barrier approaches
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Sewer mining was proposed and applied to directly convey untreated water for non-drinking uses, such as commercial and industrial buildings toilet flushing, cooling in industrial towers, sports fields, parks and golf courses irrigation (Sydney Water, 2013). Sewer mining consists of directly tapping into a sewer connector to extract sewage, which is then treated on the spot for a specific reuse. Basically, sewer mining is a close proximity reuse mode, applicable to centralized systems where treated effluents would otherwise need long distance pumping prior to reuse. Table 1 reports the main non-potable water reuse categories relevance in two US States (USEPA, 2012).
Evaluation of direct membrane filtration and direct forward osmosis as concepts for compact and energy-positive municipal wastewater treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Tobias Hey, Niada Bajraktari, Åsa Davidsson, Jörg Vogel, Henrik Tækker Madsen, Claus Hélix-Nielsen, Jes la Cour Jansen, Karin Jönsson
At present, there is a strong trend to reuse municipal wastewater, such as in sewer mining [2], as anticipated by Henze [3]. These authors postulated that in the future, wastewater should be considered as a resource and handled with cleaner technology by selecting process technology with low resource demands, for example, area, energy consumption per capita and impact on the environment. Among the many available wastewater treatment technologies, membrane processes have been shown to recover water efficiently from sewage and could minimize water stress [4].