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Water supply
Published in William Sarni, Tamin Pechet, Water Tech, 2013
A common use of water, landscape water management, is seeing the application of innovative technologies. By employing the idea of landscape design features such as bioswales and rain gardens, storm water runoff can be held in areas where the plants and soil are able to utilize the water until it evaporates and percolates into the groundwater. By utilizing indigenous plants that live on the edge of wetlands and other areas of naturally intermittent water flow, these areas also increase habitat for local fauna. In heavily populated areas these design features can be scattered about without altering existing infrastructure, while also adding much needed pockets of greenery. Features like these can also be incorporated in greater number in areas where there is already a fair amount of green.
Green Infrastructure for Mosquito Control
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
With rain gardens, dense native vegetation should be planted to enhance ecological diversity, wildlife habitat, and aesthetics of a site. The appropriate plant selection is important to help withstand drought conditions, temporary inundation from rain events, and encourage wildlife such as birds and insects to prey on mosquitoes and their eggs.
Climate change risk and adaptation costs for stormwater management in California coastal parklands
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2023
Erik Porse, Cristina Poindexter, Christian Carleton, Michael Stephens
The final step of the analysis estimated ranges of costs for new green stormwater infrastructure needed to mitigate future precipitation events across all of the case study areas. Unit costs for green stormwater infrastructure vary widely and present an additional source of uncertainty to be considered. The annualized life cycle cost of vegetated swales or rain gardens, including costs for both construction and operations and maintenance (O&M), was derived from several existing sources. First, existing literature has summary ranges of unit costs. In California, reported construction costs for vegetated swales in California were estimated to be $1-$9/sq-ft (CASQA, 2003; EPA, 2019). This value would not include additional costs for planning and contingencies that could be as much as 80% of the unit costs based on reported practices (EFC at Sacramento State, 2019; LADWP, 2015). A nationwide compilation of reported costs for rain gardens ranged from $10-$40/sq-ft for construction and $0.06-$1.45/sq-ft for maintenance costs. More complex projects were at the upper end of the ranges based on site conditions or locational characteristics (CASQA, 2003; EFC at Sacramento State, 2019; Gold et al., 2015; LADWP, 2015; RTI International & Geosyntec Consultants, 2015). Life cycle unit costs, evaluated as the cost per area (square-foot), were considered over a 20-year period using a discount rate of 0.05. Incorporating long-term O&M costs for cleaning, dredging, weeding, and other activities is essential for proper management of green stormwater infrastructure devices.
Exploring views on design and service factors for improving housing development green space quality in Taiwan
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2022
Shiang-I Juan, Lucky Shin-Jyun Tsaih
Water retention and detention design is another important green space design factor in the environmental awareness dimension. Climate change has caused some unexpected droughts and also heavy rainfall events worldwide. The lack of fresh water and flooding events are national security issues (UNEP 2017). Therefore, green space design with the consideration of water retention and detention to reduce stormwater runoff is necessary. For example, rain gardens are a green space design method often used in residential housing (Walling et al. 2014); with thoughtful planning, they provide water retention and detention functions and create a water body to attract wildlife and promote biodiversity. Further, the rainwater collected on site could also be used for landscape irrigation.
Predicting rain garden performance under back-to-back rainfall conditions using stochastic life-cycle analysis
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2021
Reshmina William, Paolo Gardoni, Ashlynn S. Stillwell
Figure 8 shows the change in the mean probability of failure (i.e., the total number of failures divided by the total number of storms within a given timestep, averaged over the number of iterations required to achieve COV) over time; the shaded area shows the standard deviation of the probability of failure. In the long term, the probability of failure decreases from 7.8% to an asymptotic value of 4.1%, around which it continues to fluctuate over time. The standard deviation of the probability of failure decreases over time because while the standard deviation of the number of failures does increase over time, it does not increase as quickly as the total number of storms. The asymptotic decrease in the probability of failure indicates that if interstirn duration is incorporated into the analysis of rain garden performance, the model reaches equilibrium at a time scale of around one year of simulation. In other words, the approximate spin-up time for a rain garden model incorporating antecedent moisture conditions should be around one year.