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Pedestrian Transportation
Published in Dušan Teodorović, The Routledge Handbook of Transportation, 2015
Christopher M. Monsere, Nick Foster, Todd Borkowitz, Sirisha Kothuri, Matthew Downey, Robert L. Bertini
The key provisions of the applying to pedestrian facilities include the following: For accessibility purposes, a sidewalk must maintain a continuous width of 4 feet. There cannot be any obstructions within this 4 feet minimum space.If the continuous width is less than 5 feet, then 5 feet wide by 5 feet long passing spaces need to be provided at least every 200 feet.The grade of a sidewalk cannot exceed that of the adjacent road surface.If the sidewalk is not next to a road and is in its own row, then the maximum grade cannot exceed 5 percent.The cross slope at driveways and other areas where the sidewalk may be sloped cannot exceed 2 percent.
Stochastic deterioration modelling of sidewalk performance using compound poisson processes
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
Peiyuan Lin, Xian-Xun (Arnold) Yuan, Kai Li, Henry Fang
Similar to any physical assets, sidewalks are subject to premature failures. Designed for a service life of 20 to 40 years, some sidewalks were found in need of full replacement in 1 to 5 years after the completion of construction (HD 26/06, 2006; Huber et al., 2013; Rajani & Zhan, 1997). Due to the common misconception of its low risk profile, many deteriorated sidewalks, even in developed economies such as Canada, US, UK, Australia, New Zealand, etc., are left untreated or treated improperly and inadequately, resulting in both unsatisfactory levels of service and unsustainable maintenance backlogs (Bird et al., 2002; Burtwell, 1995; Espada et al., 2018; Rajani, 2002a, 2002b). Rajani (2002a) reported that 15 to 20% of sidewalks in Canada needed replacement at an estimated cost of $1.5 to $2.4 billion, taking up more than 10% of the annual budget for all infrastructure assets across Canada.
Method to determine pedestrian level of service for sidewalks in Indian context
Published in Transportation Letters, 2018
Sankaran Marisamynathan, S. Lakshmi
Sidewalks avoid the conflict between the pedestrians and motor vehicles. Provision of sidewalks ensures safety of pedestrians by separating the pedestrian traffic and vehicular traffic. Broad sidewalks can accommodate pedestrians of all abilities, whereas narrow sidewalks are insufficient to accommodate more passing pedestrians and they tend to step into roadway where they conflict with drivers or cyclists. Inadequate width of sidewalks leads to sharing the limited space of the roads. Thus, sidewalks should be of an optimum width considering the above factors. In India, sidewalks are not maintained properly and encroached by vendors affecting pedestrians walking on roadway with safety issues. In India, 141,573 people have died and 488,730 people have been injured in road accidents in the year 2014. It is recorded that pedestrians comprise 37% of total deaths of road accidents and 35% of the accidents have happened near sidewalks. (MoRTH 2012; Mohan, Tiwari, and Bhalla 2015; NCRB 2015). Chennai is the fourth most populous city in India with an estimated population of 9.81million. According to the Chennai city traffic police, 166 pedestrians and 49 cyclists were killed in Chennai during 2009. Pedestrians constitute 40% of the 13,000 fatal accidents which happened in Tamil Nadu state.
Daytime thermal performance of different urban surfaces: a case study in educational institution precinct of Melbourne
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2018
Salman Shooshtarian, Priyadarsini Rajagopalan
Despite the existence of several impervious materials in RUCC open spaces, this study only considered four dominant materials which covered 51.3% of total area. Site 3 with more than 70% of its surface covered by painted asphalt had the largest extent of impervious materials followed by that in Site 2 with a proportion of 52%. The following section provides an overview of the impervious materials’ thermal performance. Asphalt otherwise known as bitumen is a major construction material for urban surfaces such as sidewalks, parking lots, sport courts, streets and roads. Due to the large-scale usage in urban structures, this impervious material with low emissivity, evaporation and high albedo and heat absorbance (heat resistance) largely accounts for urban heat budget imbalance (Berg 1985; Yilmaz, Toy, and Yilmaz 2007). This material is made of fossil fuel; it maintains heat and is pervious, and stormwater can wash all the dirt, chemicals, pesticides, engine oil and pet excrement into the storm sewers and waterways (Mascaró 2012). Painted asphalt or cool asphalt is proved to be an emerging technique to increase solar reflectance of asphalts. Studies have shown that cool asphalt provides thermal benefits compared to conventional asphalt (Carnielo and Zinzi 2013). In RUCC, the regular and the coloured asphalt concrete was applied in the sidewalk in Site 1 and basketball courts in Site 3. The coloured asphalts proved to maintain lower Ts and possess small surface transfer coefficients (Berg 1985; Kinouchi et al. 2003).