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Building history
Published in Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann, Understanding Housing Defects, 2013
Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann
Essentially timber frames consist of a series of jointed vertical, horizontal and inclined timbers: Vertical timbers were eitherposts – carrying substantial loads as part of a cross- or end frame – orstuds – lighter-weight intermediate uprights supporting or connecting horizontal timbers.Horizontal timbers(known as beams or plates) span along both the length and across the width of the building. Asill platesits on the plinth wall and all the lower ends of studs and posts are jointed into it. Awall platehas all the tops of studs and posts jointed into it, but it also provides the location for the feet of the rafters. Atie beamconnects the cross- and end frames across the width of the building. It is frequently connected to the wall plate too and reduces the likelihood of roof spread at the feet of the rafters.Inclined timbers form both the roof structure and are also used to avoid structural deformation. Principal raftersform part of a triangular roof truss – describing the pitch and profile of the roof – the primary structure unit which forms the upper part of the cross- and end frames. Individualrafterssupport the roof covering and are fixed at their apex to one another or sometimes a ridge beam and, at their feet, to the wall plate; the wall plate would be connected to the top of the vertical posts and studs. An essential structural element of this form of construction was the pairs of inclinedbraces. These stiffen the frame and provide a structural connection between the posts and horizontal timbers. This form of triangulation was essential to keep the frames plumb, level and square. They are required to be in pairs to avoid deformation in either direction. Braces are found in each frame element, i.e. cross-frames, end frames, in the roof structure and along wall frames.
Study on ecological adaptability of traditional village construction in Hainan volcanic areas
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
Chulin Chen, Yuchen She, Qianxin Chen, Sufang Liu
Most of the buildings in the Hainan volcano area have flat herringbone roofs with protruding eaves. The roof is a purlin structure, and the common number of purlins is 11, 13 and 15. The richer the family, the deeper the house, and the more purlins on the roof. Rafter is fixed on the purlin, and the tile is set on the rafter. The roof tile is composed of tube tile and plate tile. The plate tile has a large width and small radian, which is laid on the rafters as the bottom. The tube tile is small in width and large in radian, which is similar to a semicircle and covers between the joints of two rows of plate tiles. Plate tiles and tube tiles are superposed up and down to form a tile ridge (Figure 19). The double-layer tile roof can play the role of heat insulation, ventilation and rainproof. The tile is made of mud ash mixed with shell debris, sand, and soil, which is strong and durable (Yan,2008). To ensure the stability of the roof tiles, bricks, stones and other heavy objects are usually used to set up layering at a distance of 50 cm from the cornice. There are also a few elegant practices: plaster is used to fix the tube tiles (Figure 20), and exquisite animal carving decorations are set on the outer part of the ridge.
Damage Assessment and Dynamic Characteristics of Temples in Nepal Post Gorkha 2015 Earthquake
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Eleonora Spoldi, Salvatore Russo
In respect to the roofing system the temples can be divided into one-roof, two-roof, three-roof or five-roof. Similarly, according to the roof style, temples can be divided into either Pagoda style or Sikharas style (Korn 2014, 1976). The framework of the different peripheral Pagoda roofs at every floor of the temple consists of radiating rafters which are tied together by walls plates at the top and a horizontal beam at the bottom. This is again supported by inclined struts (Theophile and Ranjitkar 1992). The traditional connection between the rafter and wall plate and between the rafter and horizontal beam consists of two timber pegs inserted to brace the rafter against the horizontal member. Sikharas temples, like Radha Krishna, are generally covered in stone or masonry. They have a square plan and reach several meters in height. Often the covers are re-formed by wooden rings inserted in the roof. Generally, the ground floor presents vertical and horizontal timber elements of Sal wood. The ring- beams, that runs along the perimeter of the masonry, allows a better distribution of loads along the masonry length, and they are connected to the columns inserted in the masonry.
On-site full-scale tests of a timber queen-post truss
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Jorge M. Branco, Humberto Varum, Filipe T. Matos
The geometry of this particular truss is out of the ordinary: its configuration is typical of a king-post truss, but the queen-posts were added by connecting the joint strut/rafter to the tie-beam. This is not the traditional queen-post truss geometry, in which the king-post is substituted by a straining beam connecting horizontally (in the superior part) the two queen-posts, those located below the higher purlin, and the struts connecting the bottom part of the queen-posts to the lower purlins. Clearly, it is an example of a timber truss with an incorrect configuration for the span of the roof. The correct queen-post truss geometry should have been used or two extra posts (princess-posts) should have been placed below the lower purlin. Point loads out of the joints, causing bending moments in the rafters, are the most common error detected in the preliminary survey performed in previous steps of the research program (Branco et al. 2006).