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The Use of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Wastewater Treatment and the Sustainable Production of Biomass
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Celestino García-Gómez, Julia Mariana Márquez-Reyes, Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras, Juan Nápoles-Armenta, Alejandro Isabel Luna-Maldonado
Microalgae and cyanobacteria can use organic carbon in addition to inorganic N and P, so wastewater, being rich in these components, makes it an ideal substrate for the growth of these microorganisms. Several studies have used wastewater using oxidation ponds with mechanical mixture called raceway pond, and it has been observed that they have high efficiencies of use of wastewater constituents, thus reducing eutrophication hazards caused by excess nutrients in wastewater discharges. Also, microalgae and cyanobacteria have proven to be efficient in the recovery of metals, becoming the main critical point; however, cost savings in wastewater treatment have become its main advantage (Danouche et al., 2021).
Biofuels
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher, Introduction to Bioenergy, 2017
Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher
Two possible systems for algae production [14] are raceway ponds and photo bioreactors. Raceway ponds provide for high production of algae and typically cost less per acre to construct; however, because they are open, they require control of contaminants and management of evaporation. Bioreactors are more costly to build per acre but can operate year round because they are enclosed, typically in glass or film tubes. After generation and production of lipids in the algae, the algae must be harvested, concentrated, and converted to fuel. Harvesting processes include processes such as pumping the algae to settling tanks and using rakes, skimmers, or centrifugal systems [15].
Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
Published in Leonel Pereira, Algal Biofuels, 2017
Sarmidi Amin, Kurniadhi Prabandono
Algae can be cultured in open-ponds (such as raceway ponds and lakes) or photobioreactors. Raceway ponds and lakes are less expensive, but they are highly vulnerable to contamination by other microorganisms, such as other algal species or bacteria. Besides that, open systems also do not offer control over temperature and lighting. The growing season is largely dependent on location and, aside from tropical areas, is limited to the warmer months.
Large scale production of lipid for biodiesel from green microalgae using wastewater
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Samuel Kofi Tulashie, Mustapha Iddrisu, Michael Miyittah, Abdul-Wadud Ibrahim Atiiga, Stephen Mensah, Amos Kweku Buronyah Dadzie
Microgreen algae biodiesel has a lot of potential in becoming a very sustainable source of fuel in the world at large. The high yield of biocrude lipid from dried algae biomass shows a high prospect for producing biodiesel from microgreen algae as compared to crop-based biodiesels (Chavan et al. 2014). The scale-up considered in this study involves using cost-effective implements to reduce overall production costs. Among all the types of culturing microgreen algae used for biodiesel production, the open raceway pond system involves the least operational and maintenance cost which brings a competitive cost advantage to the algal biodiesel market. The key markers in working with the open raceway pond are; the availability of light to ensure that the microgreen algae can undergo photosynthesis, the temperature of the water in the pond needs to be monitored since it directly affects the cell size and growth rate of the culture, the pH of the pond influences the required CO2 and nutrients needed by the culture, the salinity of the pond hinders the growth rate of the microgreen algae culture (Chavan et al. 2014; Judd et al. 2017; Ullah et al. 2014).
Algae and their growth requirements for bioenergy: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Sharifah Najiha Badar, Masita Mohammad, Zeynab Emdadi, Zahira Yaakob
There are several different systems to grow algae, including the use of open ponds, covered ponds, raceways and engineered systems (photobioreactors). In large-scale algal biomass production, the most commonly available and suitable methods are raceway ponds and tubular photobioreactors [62]. Raceway ponds are open culture systems, located outdoors, easy to scale up, and low-cost operations and investments [63]. In contrast, photobioreactors can be located indoors or outdoors [64]. Both systems (open ponds and photobioreactors) in outdoor locations can use free sunlight as an illumination source [65–68]. Photobioreactors provide a controlled environment to ensure consistent good algal growth and reduced contamination, thus ensuring high biomass productivity compared to open systems [69–71]. Although the photobioreactor process is easy to control, certain requirements of photobioreactors (strict control of oxygen accumulation, efficient light intensity, etc.) have made these systems expensive to build and operate [72].
Advances in state-of-art valorization technologies for captured CO2 toward sustainable carbon cycle
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Shu-Yuan Pan, Pen-Chi Chiang, Weibin Pan, Hyunook Kim
Biological treatment process is considered as an efficient approach to simultaneous treatment of wastewater and CO2 emission since it does not require large energy input and is easy to operate (Passos et al., 2015). Domestic wastewater contains sufficient amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals, which could cause eutrophication and other environmental issues. However, these elements and nutrients can be used as a cheap substrate for the microalgae cultivation in domestic wastewater treatment (Wang and Lan, 2011). Therefore, domestic wastewater treatment based on microalgae raceway ponds has been studied for many decades as a cost-effective alternative to conventional activated sludge systems. Beside domestic wastewater, different types of wastewater such as swine wastewater (Chiu et al., 2015), piggery wastewater (Kuo et al., 2015), and aquacultural wastewater (Kuo et al., 2016) can also be used for microalgae cultivation.