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Microalgae for Removing Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewater
Published in Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Amita Chaudhary, Advanced Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment, 2021
Eliana M. Jimenez-Bambague, Aura C. Ortiz-Escobar, Carlos A. Madera-Parra, Fiderman Machuca-Martinez
High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) were designed by Oswald (1988) in order to match algal growth and O2 production with wastewater (Fig. 12.1a). They are designed 2–3 m wide and 0.1–0.5 m deep (Muñoz and Guieysse 2006; Sutherland et al. 2017). The shallow reactor has a raceway pond reactor (RPR) configuration where the microalgae and bacteria are grown in symbiosis. Additionally, it has paddle wheels that are used for the mechanical agitation of mixed liquid to increase biomass production and improve the removal of contaminants (Solimeno and García 2017). Paddle wheels have velocities of between 0.15 and 0.3 m.s−1 (Sutherland et al. 2015) and contribute to homogenous conditions and limit the formation of anaerobic zones (Grobbelaar 2000).
Performance analysis of vortex flow through a swirler by computational fluid dynamics technique
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Swirl motion can be defined as the uniform and predictable rotational flow of the charge about the direction of flowing or entrapped fluid in a chamber. Swirl is created in the internal combustion engine at the beginning of intake stroke into the engine cylinder with an initial angular momentum (Heywood 1988). This swirl ratio can be determined by a simple experimental arrangement. According to the experiment, a simple paddle wheel having vertical plane projections on its circumference will be set in the path of the flowing fluid. If the flow is rotational, then due to the tangential velocity component of fluid, the paddle wheel will rotate. This rotation can directly measure swirl number by the following basic formula (Figure 4) (Heywood 1988), Here swirl number of the fluid flow.ωp = angular velocity of paddle wheel in rad/s.B = Bore diameter in metrev0 = Characteristics velocity in m/s.