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Summary and Conclusions
Published in Michael S. Majewski, Paul D. Capel, Pesticides in the Atmosphere, 2019
Michael S. Majewski, Paul D. Capel
Studies of pesticides in the atmosphere have encompassed a wide range of spatial scales. Local-scale studies include process and matrix distribution studies and field studies that monitor agricultural worker exposure, pesticide drift during application, and the volatilization and off-site drift of applied pesticides after application. These studies usually had very high sampling frequencies that lasted several days to several weeks and generated hundreds of samples. The analytical methods usually were specific and optimized for one or several known compounds. State, multistate, and national-scale studies include sampling locations throughout a state, large region, or the entire nation. These studies analyzed for one or more specific compounds used extensively in the study area, or did multiresidue/multiclass screening for a wide variety of compounds. These regional studies generally lasted for one or more years and generated hundreds of samples and required reliable, identical sampling methods at every location. These studies usually did not provide much detailed information on the long-range transport of pesticides as the samples were often weekly or monthly composites. They did, however, provide a coarse indication of the distribution of the types of pesticides and their occurrence in the study area.
Insect Control, Rodent Control, and Pesticides
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
In rural areas, agricultural chemicals contaminate people and the environment from use, misuse, storage, and disposal. Of special concern is pesticide drift from the application of pesticides through the air and onto the surface of soil. Very small chemical particles can drift for miles before they reach the soil. Another problem is that the pesticides evaporate during and after application and then reform to create hazardous situations. Residues left on food and vegetables can create additional hazards in the food chain. Family members and other individuals living in the rural setting beside field workers and applicators are subjected to the pesticides and can become sick or injured.
The Reduction of Pesticide Drift
Published in Chester L. Foy, David W. Pritchard, and Adjuvant Technology, 2018
Franklin R. Hall, Robert D. Fox
Pesticide drift is affected by several major factors, including chemical/physical properties of the solution, the equipment (nozzle type, number, pressure, and spray volume), the application technique, weather, and operator care and expertise. This paper deals principally with the characterization of spray drift as particulate rather than vapor drift, and the current and possible future strategies of mitigating that type of spray drift.
Assessment of risks to listed species from the use of atrazine in the USA: a perspective
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Philip N Smith, Kevin L Armbrust, Richard A. Brain, Wenlin Chen, Nika Galic, Lula Ghebremichael, Jeffrey M Giddings, Mark L Hanson, Jonathan Maul, Glen Van Der Kraak, Keith R Solomon
Conservative approaches are justifiable when implementing strategies to protect threatened and endangered species, but conservatism should be tempered by best available science and robust data where it exists. As an example, uncertainty and overly conservative parameterization of the AGDRIFT model results in extreme overestimates of pesticide drift when compared to empirical drift values derived by Brain et al. (2019) that significantly clarifies deposition in the field border areas of concern. Similarly, critical endpoint selection should be protective of listed species taxa, but not simply based on lowest available values. NOEL and LOEL values are artifacts of study design, and not true representations of toxicity thresholds. In addition to study design, exposure medium and avoidance/aversion of the test agent should be considered, especially when growth-related endpoints are selected. Further, selection of rodent toxicity values as critical endpoints may not adequately reflect sensitivity of the listed mammal species.
Role of land use and land cover in residential exposures to agricultural pesticide models
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Clémence Vannier, Cécile Chevrier, Laurence Hubert-Moy
Hedgerows and grassy strips, the easiest LULC elements to manage via planning processes, have a variety of significant advantages (e.g. biodiversity support, carbon storage, erosion mitigation; Baudry et al. 2000). They are also fundamental elements to consider in exposure models of pesticide drift due to their potential role in mitigating drift. From a mapping viewpoint, however, they are linear features that are difficult to delineate automatically over large areas due to their thinness, spatial configuration and the heterogeneity of the LULC around them (Lechner et al. 2009).