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Agricultural Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Silwan Daouk, Pierre-Jean Copin, Nathalie Chèvre, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer
Pesticide application and use can also pose a threat to human health by direct ingestion of contaminated drinking water and food as well as by air inhalation and skin contact. The most exposed individuals are the agricultural workers, who are more susceptible to developing psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety, because of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity or the disturbance of the serotonin neurotransmission system, especially with organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides (Freire and Koifman, 2013). However, the most sensitive population are children, especially during their foetal life and through breast feeding (Belpomme et al., 2007). Indeed, various pesticide molecules can pass through the placenta and accumulate in fatty breast tissue and the milk of nursing mothers. This prenatal and neonatal exposure can lead to widespread abnormalities in brain development and synaptic functioning (Freire and Koifman, 2013; Andersen et al., 2015). In addition, many pesticides are prone to incurring endocrine-disrupting effects (Richard et al., 2005; Hayes et al., 2011), and several pesticide molecules are classified as carcinogens, many as probable or possible carcinogens (Belpomme et al., 2007).
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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Timothy R. Julian, Kellogg J. Schwab
Globally, the causes of foodborne contamination are wide and varied. Efforts to reduce foodborne illness are driven largely by prevention: preventing contamination of the food supply pre-harvest and post-harvest. Chemical contamination, for example, occurs largely pre-harvest, and can be reduced by proper crop siting and limiting or controlling pesticide application. Biological contamination occurs predominately post-harvest, where production, distribution, and storage influence mycotoxin and bacterial toxins; consumer-level hygiene and food preparation influence microbial contamination. In all cases, clean water plays a role in helping to reduce contamination as irrigation water influences crop and livestock uptake of chemical contaminants and household access to water influences both hand hygiene and food preparation.
Pest Management: Legal Aspects
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Michael T. Olexa, Zachary T. Broome
The heart of the regulatory scheme for pesticide application, storage, and disposal is the FIFRA provision making it unlawful to “… use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.”[8] Thus, courts consider pesticide label instructions legislative regulations having the force of law. For pesticide users, labeling is the primary basis for enforcement of FIFRA. Hence, every person using a pesticide has a legal obligation to read and follow all label instructions attached to the product and all product usage directions contained in any printed materials mentioned on the label.
Elevated O3 threatens biological communications mediated by plant volatiles: A review focusing on the urban environment
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Noboru Masui, Kaori Shiojiri, Evgenios Agathokleous, Akira Tani, Takayoshi Koike
Integrated pest management (IPM), which aims to reduce pesticide application to the environment, also relies on BVOCs, including insect pheromones (Brilli et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2020). Because plant volatiles influence the instinct activity of pests (e.g., feeding and oviposition), volatile-based IPM is useful and will become more necessary in agroforestry in the future. For example, the application of the interaction between the diamondback moth P. xylostella and the parasitoid C. vestalis in IPM has recently indicated its practicality in greenhouses and may provide a basis for extending it to the field (Shiojiri et al., 2010; Abe et al., 2020; Uefune et al., 2020). In addition, the “push-pull strategy,” one of the IPM methods, has been developed based on plant-insect communication (Cook et al., 2007; Bhattacharyya, 2017; Cui et al., 2022). “push” plants planted in the same cultivated field emit volatiles repellent to target pests and “pull” plants planted around the field trap the pests by their attractive volatiles. In the field, the entire ecosystem is expected to be conserved through integrated biodiversity management (IBM), which means IPM plus the conservation of ecosystems (Kiritani, 2000). For instance, forests that are home to parasitic wasps near villages are preserved under human activities using fewer pesticides.
Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Jones A. Kapeleka, Elingarami Sauli, Patrick A. Ndakidemi
The use of pesticides in agriculture had become non-avoidable, hence the associated health effects had become a matter of serious concern (Pimentel 2005; Kim et al. 2016). Currently, there has been a growing interest on adverse health effects of occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides due to their inherent potential hazards to humans and the environment despite beneficial effects associated with their use (Nonga et al. 2011). Poor pesticides handling and application practices increase the risks of exposure (Macfarlane et al. 2013) while excessive pesticide application above recommended rates result in the accumulation of pesticides residues in the environment and crop produce (Latif et al. 2012).
Changes in pesticide residues in field-treated fresh grapes during raisin production by different methods of drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Alireza Rahimi, Ali Heshmati, Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi
Pesticide application may lead to the accumulation of its residues in sprayed products which can threaten human health.[16] Therefore, international committees and authorities, such as Codex and the European Union, have set a maximum residue limit (MRL) for each pesticide.[17,18]