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Instrumentation for the North-East MRT project at Clarke Quay
Published in Jian Zhao, J. Nicholas Shirlaw, Rajan Krishnan, Tunnels and Underground Structures, 2017
From the Clarke Quay station to the Chinatown station (about 400-m long,) the tunnelling was carried out using two Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPBMs). This tunnel drive was in weathered rocks of the Jurong Formation and in soft Kallang Formation that consists of soft marine clay and fluvial sand. This tunnel route runs mostly below the main thoroughfares of Eu Tong Sen street and New Bridge Road and is surrounded by several buildings, two pedestrian bridges and major utilities.
Orthotopic Deck Bridges
Published in Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, 2019
An orthotropic steel plate deck must be paved with a wearing surface to provide a durable and skid-resistant surface for vehicular traffic. AASHTO [5] states: “The wearing surface should be regarded as an integral part of the total orthotropic deck system and shall be specified to be bonded to the top of the deck plate. For the purpose of designing the wearing surface itself, and its adhesion to the deck plate, the wearing surface shall be assumed to be composite with the deck plate, regardless of whether or not the deck plate is designed on that basis.” AREA (American Railroad Engineers Association) specifications should be used for railroad bridges as shown in Figure 14.5. Some materials used in wearing surfaces are proprietary or patented. Aesthetic issues may control for pedestrian bridges or sidewalk areas as shown in Figure 14.16. The surfacing for vehicular traffic performs several functions: Exhibits high skid resistance throughout the life of the surfacing;Provides a smooth riding surface for the comfort of the drivers using the bridge;Helps waterproof the steel deck;Resists cracking, delaminating, and displacing for a long service life with low maintenance cost and disruption to traffic for repairs;A stiff and well bonded surfacing can also provide some reduction in fatigue stresses in the steel deck, ribs, and welds by dynamic composite action with the deck plate. In addition, surfacing with thickness of about 50 mm provides some distribution of the wheel loads and damping of the steel plate.
Conceptual Design of the Pedestrian Bridge
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2022
Pengzhen Lu, Yutao Zhou, Qun Lu, Jiahao Wang, Qingtian Shi, Dengguo Li
On the basis of meeting the function of pedestrian traffic, pedestrian bridge design actively pursues the change of form, boldly innovates in structure and material, and makes extensive use of steel33 and new composite materials,34 etc., and studies the mechanical properties, durability and application of different types of FRP bars in bridge construction. Yang et al. 35 summarized the performance and application of FRP cables on long-span cable bridges. Ahmadi36 and Wang37 et al. studied how Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP), new structural forms such as suspension systems, steel box beams and middle arches are comprehensively used to reflect the trending progress of structural technology and material technology through structural exposure. At the same time, the use of innovative composite materials technology can also reduce the cost of bridge construction, and help solve governments’ infrastructure deficit.38 At the same time, the façade form of the pedestrian bridge has undergone a great change with the plane layout taking on various forms such as curved, folded and ring-shaped (Fig. 8). Pedestrian bridges have moved away from being bulky and rough in favor of being nimble and novel, and towards an assembled, detachable, reusable steel frame structure and composite materials.