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Relationships Between Groundwater Characteristics, Vegetation, and Peatland Type in the Hiawatha National Forest, Michigan
Published in Carl C. Trettin, Martin F. Jurgensen, David F. Grigal, Margaret R. Gale, John K. Jeglum, Northern Forested Wetlands, 2018
Gregory M. Kudray, Margaret R. Gale
Peatlands are an important group of wetlands characterized by the presence of an organic soil, typically to some minimum depth. This group is roughly correspondent to European “mires” (Moore, 1984) and to the Histosol soil order in the USDA Soil Taxonomy system (Soil Survey Staff, 1994). Two main types of peatlands are often differentiated (Gore, 1983), ombrotrophic peatlands, or bogs, that are mainly isolated from groundwater influence, and minerotrophic peatlands, or fens, that are recipient to groundwater that has flowed through mineral soil or bedrock. Additionally, minerotrophic peatlands may be subdivided into types that lack a significant tree cover, fens, and forested peatlands or swamps (Heinselman, 1963). Mader (1991) has suggested that swamps can be considered fens with trees. In a northern Michigan study, Schwintzer and Tomberlin (1982) identified two main groups, (1) bogs and (2) fens and swamps, on the basis of shallow groundwater chemistry, but recognized that strong vegetation differences exist between fens and swamps. Schwintzer (1981) suggested that bogs, fens, and swamps should be considered separate wetland types based on vegetation and water chemistry.
Peatlands
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Wetlands and Habitats, 2020
Peatlands are estimated to have originally occupied 4,258,000 km2, of which about 74% are in nontropical parts of the world. North America has 46%, Asia 35%, Europe 13%, South America 4%, Africa 1%, and Australia and Antarctica less than 1%. Tropical peatlands are most abundant in Indonesia (47%) and Malaysia (6%) [6]. Peatlands are concentrated in the boreal and arctic regions of the world where precipitation usually exceeds potential evapotranspiration. Countries with more than 50,000 km2 of peatland are Russia (1,410,000 km2), Canada (1,235,000 km2), the United States (625,000 km2), Indonesia (207,000 km2), Finland (96,000 km2), Sweden (70,000 km2), and Peru (50,000 km2). Loss of natural peatlands to anthropogenic disturbance is variable and ranges from 52% of the natural peatlands being lost in Europe and 50% in nontropical Africa, 20% in nontropical South America, 8% in nontropical Asia, and 5% in North America. About 16% of nontropical peatlands have been lost to disturbance, with agriculture accounting for 50%; forestry 30%; peat extraction 10%; and the remainder from urbanization, inundation, and erosion. Restoration efforts, especially in peat-harvested bogs of North America, have been developed to return some of these areas to functioning peatlands [7]. In tropical regions, large areas of virgin tropical swamp forest have been and are currently being logged and converted to rice fields or palm oil plantations. For example, in 2000, it has been recorded that some 106,000 km2 has been deforested, drained, and converted to some other land uses [8].
Carbon Products: Coal, Peat, Graphite, And Diamond
Published in Earle A. Ripley, E. Robert Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, L. Moira Jackson, Environmental Effects of Mining, 2018
A. Ripley Earle, Robert E. Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, Earle A. Ripley, E. Robert Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, L. Moira Jackson
Peatlands are areas with extensive accumulations of organic material and are often waterlogged. Peat develops when the accumulation rate of dead plant material exceeds its decomposition rate. This accumulation of partially decayed plant material is the result of certain climatic and physical conditions, generally cold and wet (Moore and Bellamy 1974; Keys 1992). Canadian peatlands are typically 5,000 to 10,000 years old, having been formed since deglaciation.
Data driven modelling and simulation of wetland dynamics
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Angesh Anupam, David J. Wilton, Visakan Kadirkamanathan
Peatlands constitute a significant portion of wetlands and can sequester a large amount of carbon. The effects of peat accumulation on carbon cycle through a dynamic modelling approach are analysed in [16]. In this analysis, a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) was linked with a wetland model and a module representing the accumulation and decay of peat. The wetland model in this case is based upon the TOPMODEL framework. The TOPMODEL is a topography-based hydrological model [17]. The wetland model in [16] is dynamic in nature and determines the water table and inundation fraction. The TOPMODEL requires the topographic parameters, Compound Topographic Index (CTI). The TOPMODEL approach is quite appealing in principle but it consists of several pitfalls mainly arising due to the approximations associated with the CTI parameters [17]. Wetland extents are underestimated in flat terrains because of the limitations of the TOPMODEL approach. With some notable improvements, a high resolution CTI parameters are provided by [18], which can be used to determine the inundation at a much finer scale. The availability of the time series data [7–9] and surveys on inundation fraction have helped in assessing the anomalies associated with a typical TOPMODEL based model. Some noteworthy improvements in wetland modelling under the TOPMODEL framework are presented in [19] by proposing some constraints.
Physical and chemical characterization of aerosol in fresh and aged emissions from open combustion of biomass fuels
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2018
Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Vera Samburova, Deep Sengupta, Michealene Iaukea-Lum, Adam C. Watts, Hans Moosmüller, Andrey Y. Khlystov
Peatland ecosystems – generally wetland or mesic ecosystems underlain by soils composed primarily of partially decomposed biomass, containing mostly OC and >20% mineral content – represent a vast terrestrial carbon (C) pool (Yu 2012) and are potentially vast sources of C flux to the atmosphere during wildfires that consume peat soil (Davies et al. 2013). Peatlands in high-latitude temperate and boreal regions are particularly vulnerable to increased fire-related C emissions due to climatic warming, permafrost degradation, and increases in fire season length (Pastick et al. 2015; Turetsky et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2015). In addition, smoldering peat fires are difficult to detect using satellite remote sensing (Elvidge et al. 2015). High-latitude and Eurasian peatlands are represented in this study by samples from Sphagnum and cotton grass (Eriophorum spp.) dominated communities, collected from the Pskov region in Russia.
Effect of solar radiation on natural organic matter composition in surface waters and resulting impacts on drinking water treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
I. Slavik, D. Kostrowski, W. Uhl
Since the beginning of the 1990s, increasing concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) in surface waters have been noted [1–5]. As numerous studies have demonstrated, these increasing concentrations of organic substances are attributed, inter alia, to climate change. In the literature, it is suggested that increases in NOM concentrations in surface waters are mainly caused by the interaction of global warming and changes in runoff. The latter is due to the increasing frequency and strength of floods, heavy rain and storm events, or frequent changes between dry and wet periods. The consequence is an increase in erosion and leaching from catchment soils, resulting in an input of dissolved NOM into surface waters, as shown by Delpla et al. [6], Weyhenmeyer and Karlsson [7], Monteith et al. [8], Clark et al. [9], Evans et al. [10], Eikebrokk et al. [11], Chow et al. [12] and Hagedorn et al. [13]. It is assumed that global warming results in extended growth seasons, leading to increases in biomass production, which, in turn, can cause increased plant decomposition, hence greater production of NOM [5,14]. Besides the changes in runoff and erosion that affect soil leaching and with this the flux of organic material, special attention is paid to the leaching from peatlands as a large store of carbon [2,15–18]. It has been concluded that rising temperatures stimulate the export of NOM and, hence, dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Furthermore, it has been found that droughts can cause increases in DOC production from peat [19]. Consequently, peatlands may act as an important source of DOC, and changes in biomass productivity and leaching can entail increases in the DOC concentration in surface waters connected to peatlands and their drainage system. In addition, other studies have demonstrated that rising trends in DOC concentration can be attributed to changes in deposition chemistry and/or catchment acid sensitivity [8,15,20–25].