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The Environment in the City
Published in Kimon Hadjibiros, Ecology and Applied Environmental Science, 2013
Passive smoking is a very important problem, because the smoke from a burning cigarette is just as harmful as or more harmful than what smokers themselves inhale. It contains 3 times as much benzopyrene and 6 times as much toluene (carcinogens), 50 times as much dimethylnitrosamine, and increased quantities of carbon monoxide, acrolein and nitrogen oxides. Cigarette smoke has been proven to contain more than 2000 organic compounds, many of which are carcinogens, poisons, irritants, etc. In most developed countries smoking has been banned in enclosed public spaces such as offices, restaurants, bars etc. in order to avoid the risks of passive smoking.
Air pollution impacts
Published in Abhishek Tiwary, Ian Williams, Air Pollution, 2018
Passive smoking is the exposure to tobacco smoke created by others’ smoking. Clearly, it leads to inhalation of a similar range of compounds, albeit at lower concentrations, to those inhaled by the smoker. In some circumstances, the total exposure may be significant, as for a bar worker who is in the bar all day. Mortality rates have been calculated from cohort studies, and it has been shown that around 46,000 deaths per year are attributable to passive smoking in the United States, of which 3000 are from lung cancer, 11,000 from other cancers, and 32,000 from heart disease.
Responses of humans and other animals
Published in Abhishek Tiwary, Jeremy Colls, Air Pollution, 2017
Passive smoking is the exposure to tobacco smoke created by others’ smoking. Clearly it leads to inhalation of a similar range of compounds, albeit at lower concentrations, to those inhaled by the smoker. In some circumstances the total exposure may be significant, as for a bar worker who is in the bar all day. Mortality rates have been calculated from cohort studies, and it has been shown that around 46 000 deaths per year are attributable to passive smoking in the US, of which 3 000 are from lung cancer, 11 000 from other cancers, and 32 000 from heart disease.
COPD in the major nonsmoking adult: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Andrea Verónica Cunalata-Paredes, Enrique Gea-Izquierdo
As seen in this review, multiple risk factors besides smoking play essential roles in the development of COPD, especially lung exposure to cigarettés smoke. In this study, it had a significant proportion of 52.9 and a probability of 94% of developing COPD in older age. Among nonsmokers, passive smoking is a risk factor that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD. These findings correlate with several observational studies that have shown that the “burden of nonsmoking COPD is very high worldwide”.34 The most definitive study that links passive smoking with COPD has been carried out in Guangzhou (China). A study in more than 6,000 nonsmoking participants, where the majority (89.6%) were female, and the mean age was 61 years, and more than half of the participants claimed to be passive smokers, concluded that its longevity was directly related to the risk of acquiring COPD.35 Recently in Spain, the impact of passive exposure to tobacco smoke on children´s lung function and in adolescents was evaluated, concluding that the spirometric parameters were significantly lower among children with a smoking parent, therefore having a more significant adverse effect of passive smoking on the related parameters of the distal airway in the lungs.36 Based on what we described in the above results it can be concluded that the exposure to secondhand smoking is the relevant factor for the development of COPD. Nevertheless, it is followed by the presence of biomass exposure, asthma, as well as respiratory problems in childhood and tuberculosis.
Particulate matter emissions of different brands of mentholated cigarettes
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2018
Julia Gerharz, Michael H.K. Bendels, Markus Braun, Doris Klingelhöfer, David A. Groneberg, Ruth Mueller
About 7 million people worldwide are killed yearly due to tobacco use (World Health Organization [WHO 2017]). Not only is actively smoking cigarettes harmful to health, but so is passive smoking, the unintended inhalation of tobacco smoke polluted air by a nonsmoker (Juranic et al. 2017; U.S.Public Health Service [USPHS] 2014). Due to the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), around 890,000 people die each year (WHO 2017). ETS is a mixture of mainstream smoke, which is inhaled and exhaled by the smoker, and mostly sidestream smoke generated by the smoldering cigarette (Breuer et al. 2012). Protection against ETS exposure becomes more challenging due to tobacco additives like menthol (Connolly et al. 2000).