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Green Infrastructure for Mosquito Control
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Modifying the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soils with amendments and additives is one of the final reconditioning steps. The five types of soil amendments include organic, mineral, physical, biological, and chemical (Urban, 2008). Organic amendments use composting residues to increase organic matter (Pitt et al., 1999) while mineral types use natural mineral products to change the soil texture for improved structure and porosity. Like minerals, physical amendments use manufactured additives in place of natural content when needing better resistance from compaction or erosion. Biological and chemical amendments both use small amounts of organic compounds to alter the biological or chemical structure of soils for additional nutrients, altered pH, and biological activity.
Acid Sulfate Soils: Formation
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Martin C. Rabenhorst, Delvin S. Fanning, Steven N. Burch
Mechanisms for pyrite formation may follow several possible pathways including 1) reaction of monosulfide with polysulfide; 2) partial oxidation of monosulfide; and 3) reaction of monosulfides with H2S[10] (Eq. 3). Sulfide itself has the ability to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) on the surface of iron oxides.[11] Pyrite can occur either as small (<2 μm) individual crystals or as spherical clusters of crystals called framboids. In low organic mineral sediments, reactive iron is usually present in excess, resulting in a low degree of pyritization.[12] However, in organic-rich soils iron may limit the accumulation of sulfide minerals, and the degree of pyritization is generally high. This has been demonstrated experimentally in salt marsh Histosols.[13]
Forest Management Impacts on Undrained Peatlands in North America
Published in Carl C. Trettin, Martin F. Jurgensen, David F. Grigal, Margaret R. Gale, John K. Jeglum, Northern Forested Wetlands, 2018
There are three natural processes that potentially restore nutrients that are lost through harvest: mineral weathering, atmospheric deposition, and inputs via water flow. Because peatland soils are organic, mineral weathering is not important. Atmospheric deposition can, however, restore lost nutrients. Grigal and Bates (1992) established relationships between ionic concentrations in precipitation and latitude and longitude for the Great Lakes states and surrounding area. Based on these relationships, annual precipitation, and a continent-wide relationship that dry deposition is approximately equal to wet deposition (Johnson and Lindberg, 1992), P lost via tree-length harvest of a 30 m ha−1 stand would be replaced in about 25 years, while losses in full-tree harvest would require 50 years. K would be restored in about 96 to 180 years; N in 10 to 18 years; Ca in 100 to 150 years; and Mg in 200 to 350 years. These data indicate that K, Ca, and Mg are the nutrients with the lowest rates of natural replacement via atmospheric deposition.
Interactions between organic matter and Fe (hydr)oxides and their influences on immobilization and remobilization of metal(loid)s: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yanping Bao, Nanthi S. Bolan, Jinhao Lai, Yishun Wang, Xiaohu Jin, M. B. Kirkham, Xiaolian Wu, Zheng Fang, Yan Zhang, Hailong Wang
Iron (hydr)oxides and OM are pervasive in soils, sediments, and aquatic systems. They can interact and combine with each other to form organic-mineral composites, which is crucial in many aspects of these environments, especially in the stabilization and accumulation of organic carbon. The intimate association of OM with Fe (hydr)oxides can alter the mineral surface properties and crystal structure of Fe (hydr)oxides, thereby result in changes in the reductive dissolution and transformation of the Fe (hydr)oxides. These changes then affect their combining capacity with metal(loid)s. Therefore, the present review highlights the influences of the interactions between OM and Fe (hydr)oxides and their effects on immobilization and remobilization of metal(loid)s.
The effect of diagenetic environment on hydrocarbon generation based on diagenetic mineral assemblage in mudstone
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Jiazong Du, Jingong Cai, Guoli Wang, Xiang Zeng, Yujin Bao, Fei Liu
The disparities of diagenetic mineral assemblages and hydrocarbon generation during diagenesis of mudstones are largely due to the variation of diagenetic environment. The discrepancy of hydrocarbon generation between Es33 and Es41 is related to the change of diagenetic environment. In general, the diagenetic environment significantly affect hydrocarbon generation. Thus more attention should be paid to the influences of diagenetic environment on hydrocarbon generation to promote the understanding on the organic-mineral interactions, hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon accumulation of source rock.
Triple Probe Heat Pulse (TPHP) Soil Moisture Content and Temperature Monitoring Digital System Using Nanomaterials based Sensor Elements for Precision Agriculture
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
The volumetric heat capacity of the soil, (Jm−3 °C−1), is calculated by summing the volumetric heat capacities () of soil elements [11,27]: where , , and are the organic, mineral and water portions of the soil, respectively.