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Oil
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
An issue on nomenclature concerning two different sources of hydrocarbons in shale has to be resolved. The first hydrocarbon in shale to be covered is oil in hard shale or oil shale whose reserves shall be called oil shale reserves. The second is kerogen, a primitive form of crude, also found in hard shale, which will be referred to as shale oil and shale oil reserves. In practice, these terms are used interchangeably, which can be confusing. Here, oil shale and oil shale reserves or resources refer to crude oil in hard shale, whereas shale oil and shale oil reserves refer to kerogen in hard shale. Oil shale can be refined directly, whereas shale oil (kerogen) must be further processed before being fit as a synthetic crude for refinery operation.
Conclusions
Published in David Hart, Nuclear Power in India, 2019
Oil provides about 47% of Brazil’s total energy supply, while biomass (30%) and hydro (20%) make up most of the remainder. Oil demand is currently around two million barrels per day. Oil production is fairly limited so that imports have been substantial. About 15% of oil consumed is produced locally, most of the rest coming from OPEC sources. Natural gas is imported from Bolivia. Proved reserves of oil amount to 900 million barrels and of natural gas to 1200 billion cubic feet. A substantial oil exploration effort is under way. There are oil shale reserves thought to be among the biggest in the world, containing the equivalent of about 800 billion barrels of oil.
Energy Resources
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
The oil shale industry is an industry dedicated to mining and processing of oil shale from which liquid hydrocarbons can be obtained. The industry has been developing in Estonia and to some extent in the United States, Germany, Israel, Russia, China, and Brazil. Several other countries are currently investigating the potential of their oil shale reserves. As with most energy resources, the industry’s future eventually became dependent on the price of crude oil.
Economic geology value of oil shale deposits: Ethiopia (Tigray) and Jordan
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Yohannes Yihdego, Hilmi S. Salem, Bediaku G. Kafui, Zarko Veljkovic
Some oil shale deposits found in the west and south-west parts of Ethiopia, as well as the north-east central parts of Ethiopia occur in thick shale formations (400–800 m thick). Palynological studies confirmed that these deposits (found in W, SW, and NE central parts of Ethiopia) are of Eocene, Miocene, and Oligocene ages (Tadesse 2015). A total of about 653 million tons to one billion tons of oil shale reserves have been estimated in these regions (Ahmad 2008). Other studies indicate that Ethiopia has an estimated 3.89 billion tons of oil shale (enough to produce about one trillion barrels of shale oil) in the Tigray State alone (more details given below), located on the border with Eritrea (Tigrai Online 2013), which is of Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic ages.