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Analysis of Biological Samples with Charged-Particle Accelerators
Published in Zeev B. Alfassi, Max Peisach, Elemental Analysis by Particle Accelerators, 2020
The sample is analyzed directly either as a thick target or a thin-layer target on a backing material. In a few cases, the samples are prepared as thin self-supporting targets only 3 to 5 mm in diameter.60,61 The majority of sample preparation methods have been developed for thin targets. Several of them involve the direct analysis of the biological or medical materials with a minimum of physical manipulation to prepare the target. In general, however, ideal targets would be flat and homogeneous both areally and in depth. When the final sample is to be mounted on a backing material, the backing material itself would be very thin to minimize the bremsstrahlung background and the heat loss in the target. In order to eliminate the background of characteristic X-rays, it should be entirely free from elements heavier than oxygen. It should be resistant to chemical attack, mechanical failure, heat damage, and radiation damage. Moreover, it should be inexpensive and readily available. Table 7 shows some materials which have been used as backing materials. Formvar is clear and very thin, but is the most fragile in the listed materials. Kapton is commercially available and has an excellent heat resistance. Polyvinylchloride contains some impurities and chlorine is a serious interfering element. Mylar is easily available, has very little impurities, is quite resistant to heat, and has a good physical and chemical strength. As it is very hydrophobic, an aqueous sample pipetted on the surface can be dried into a small point. When the backing film is used, its impurities must be checked continuously by preanalyzing as blank tests.
IoT-Based Advanced Neonatal Incubator
Published in Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan, Bhuvan Unhelkar, Security and Trust Issues in Internet of Things, 2020
K. Adalarasu, P. Harini, B. Tharunika, M. Jagannath
Shaib et al. [3] used two parts in the warming system – phase-changing material (gel pack) and heater. The heater is periodically turned on and off to maintain the neonate body temperature within the range. Heat from the heater is transformed into gel packs. The gel pack preserves heat to provide a continuous warm environment inside the incubator. They also use a microcontroller to control the heater. Zaylaa et al. [4] developed a handy preterm incubator. In the hardware part, they used ATmega328 microcontroller and Arduino micro to assist the microcontroller. They used optical sensor that included integrated pulse oximeter and heart rate sensor. They also placed the thermometer to measure the temperature. The main part of the portable system is batteries; they used a set of four ultrafire rechargeable batteries to achieve 9800 mAh. They constructed a handy incubator using three major biocompatible materials such as silnylon, Mylar sheets, and bamboo fabric. The silnylon is used to make the outer layer because of its light weight and ability to disconnect the system. Mylar sheets are used because of their high tensile strength, stability, reflectivity, aroma barrier property, and electrical protection. Bamboo fabric has antibacterial properties with a breathable nature and great absorbance of water. They used a 3D printer to fabricate a handy incubator. 3D printers work based on fused deposition modeling, are cost-operative, and provide a personalized design. To control the temperature inside the incubator for maintaining the neonate body temperature, they used two main components – cartridge heater riprap and hot/cold chemical wax. The heater riprap converts electrical energy into thermal energy, and the heating probe connected to the gel pack transfers heat into the gel sack. Then, the chemical wax is used to transfer heat to the neonate via conductance. Use of heaters in incubator cause some noise level, which negatively affects the neonate.
Far infrared assisted refractance window drying: Influence on drying characteristics and quality of banana leather
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Deependra Rajoriya, Mysore Lokesh Bhavya, Hunglur Umesh Hebbar
An in-house FIR + RW drying system (batch-type laboratory-scale) was developed and used in the present study. Briefly, water was heated to a desired temperature 90 ± 2 °C (selected based on our previous studies[15,18]) using water bath with a thermostat (Shital Scientific Industries, Bombay, India) and circulated through the water reservoir with help of peristaltic pump (Ravel Hiteks Pvt., Ltd., Chennai, India). The BP was spread on 250 µm thick Mylar™ polyester film (food-grade) with its bottom surface kept in contact with hot water. The water vapor produced while drying was eliminated by a top-mounted exhaust fan (JiGO India Pvt. Ltd., India). In addition, on either side of the exhaust fan, two FIR heaters (ACE HEAT TECH, Mumbai, India) made up of ceramic were attached at a distance of ∼10 cm from the polyester film. The FIR heaters were used for FIR + RW drying and, required temperature (50 and 60 ± 2 °C) during drying was monitored and controlled with the help of temperature sensor (HTA Instrument (P), Ltd., India). The FIR heaters temperature, and the distance between FIR heater and polyester film were selected based on our previous study.[9] The above drying setup was used in RW trials, without FIR heaters.
Effect of MgO on the microstructure and properties of mullite membranes made by phase-inversion tape casting
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
Rafael Kenji Nishihora, Ellen Rudolph, Mara Gabriela Novy Quadri, Dachamir Hotza, Kurosch Rezwan, Michaela Wilhelm
According to process scheme depicted in Figure 1, the first step of the membrane preparation involves the dissolution of 2.7 g of PES using 21.3 mL of NMP as solvent followed by the addition of 0.425 g of PVP. Afterward, 24.225 g of the synthesized mullite powder and 0.75 g of the sintering aid (MgO powder) were slowly added to the solution which was continuously mixed throughout this step. The amount of inorganic particles was calculated to result in a ratio of 3 wt.% of MgO and 97 wt.% of mullite in the end. The amount of MgO taken as “optimum” was described in the literature [17,23]. After 24 h of homogenization, the slurry was degassed (20 mbar, 30 min) to remove air bubbles that were introduced during the stirring process. Then, the slurry was cast over a polyethylene terephthalate carrier film (Mylar, G10JRM, Richard E. Mistler, Inc.) with a doctor blade using a gap of 1.2 mm. The cast slurry was solidified by immersion precipitation in deionized water (nonsolvent) for 24 h at room temperature. Afterward, the green tape was dried at room temperature for 3 days. The dried green tape was cut into the desired shape and size, heated with a rate of 3°C/min to 850°C in air, and kept at that temperature for 3 h to remove the organic matter. Then, the sample was heated with a rate of 2°C/min up to the final temperature (1450, 1550 or 1650°C) and kept at it for 2 h. Finally, the sample was cooled down at a rate of 2°C/min to room temperature.
Mathematical modeling and experimental assessment of the cast-tape drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Emanuelle I. B. Parisotto, Jhony T. Teleken, João B. Laurindo, Bruno A. M. Carciofi
In RW, the suspension is spread over a flexible and semitransparent to infrared radiation film, such as a polyester (Mylar®, DuPont, USA), in contact to hot water at its bottom surface. Heat is transferred from hot water to the film by convection, through the film by conduction and then from the film to the pulp by direct contact. Parallelly, thermal radiation is transferred from hot water through the semitransparent film directly to the drying pulp.[16,17] However, it has been demonstrated that RW is a CTD method, in which thermal radiation contributes to less than 5% of the total thermal energy delivered. Thus, convection and conduction are the governing heat transfer mechanisms.[18,19]