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Background of the Building Sector and Energy Use Patterns
Published in T. Agami Reddy, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, Ari Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Buildings, 2016
T. Agami Reddy, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, Ari Rabl
There are about 115 million households in the United States, of which 19% were located in the northeast, 24% in the midwest, 35% in the south, and 21% in the west. Over three-quarters of the households (77%) are in urban areas, with 36% in the central city and 41% in suburbia. The remaining households (22%) are in rural areas. The three basic categories of housing type are (1) single-family units (both as detached units and in row houses), (2) multifamily (both low-rise and highrise apartments), and (3) mobile homes. In 1997, the stock was predominantly single-family units (73%), with apartments accounting for 21% of the total households and 6% for mobile homes. The United States is a nation of homeowners, with 67% of the households owner occupied and the remaining 33% rented. Note that the energy consumption profiles of single-family homes and multifamily homes (apartments) are very different.
Special installations and locations
Published in Ray Tricker, Wiring Regulations in Brief, 2020
A mobile home is defined as a “‘transportable leisure accommodation vehicle’ that does not meet the requirements for use as a road vehicle”, and is usually a permanent fixture on a caravan park. They normally have recognised power supplies and earthing, and their internal electrical installation is outside the scope of the Regulations. Nevertheless, potential safety hazards still have to be considered.
Integration of detailed household and housing unit characteristic data with critical infrastructure for post-hazard resilience modeling
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2021
Nathanael Rosenheim, Roberto Guidotti, Paolo Gardoni, Walter Gillis Peacock
The goal of the methodology presented in this paper is to link social units, such as households with specific attributes, to infrastructure systems. The critical link in this process is the housing unit, defined by the US Census as ‘a house, an apartment, a mobile home or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as a separate living quarters, or if vacant, intended for occupancy as a separate living quarters'. (U.S. Census Bureau, (n.d.)). The proposed methodology transforms (transposes, expands, and appends) aggregated household and housing unit areal data to individual housing units. Each housing unit has specific characteristics and is associated with a particular type of housing unit that can be linked to the building inventory via a random process. Both the set of household characteristics and the nature of the randomization process will depend upon the modeling needs of researchers and potential data limitations of the census and administrative data available to construct respective inventories. This paper illustrates an application based on the housing unit characteristics (tenure, size and vacancy) and a naïve Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) process. We use Stata 15.1 for the MCS and the statistical analysis (StataCorp, 2017). As an example, this application considers one infrastructure system, a potable water system, although the methodology could be extended to multiple systems.