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Ecklonia radiata
Published in S.J. Hawkins, A.L. Allcock, A.E. Bates, L.B. Firth, I.P. Smith, S.E. Swearer, P.A. Todd, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2019
Thomas Wernberg, Melinda A. Coleman, Russell C. Babcock, Sahira Y. Bell, John J. Bolton, Sean D. Connell, Catriona L. Hurd, Craig R. Johnson, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Nick T. Shears, Peter D. Steinberg, Mads S. Thomsen, Mathew A. Vanderklift, Adriana Vergés, Jeffrey T. Wright
As a consequence of the human-induced increase in mean ocean temperature, there has also been an increase in discrete extreme temperature events known as marine heatwaves (Hobday et al. 2016) an upwards trend that will likely continue (Oliver et al. 2017, Oliver et al. 2018). In 2011, Western Australia experienced the worst marine heatwave in recorded history, with E. radiata forests experiencing temperature anomalies exceeding 4°C–5°C for several weeks. Over a few weeks, kelp forests collapsed entirely or were severely decimated across several hundred kilometres of coastline (Wernberg et al. 2016a), presumably as their lethal temperature threshold was exceeded (Smale & Wernberg 2013, Wernberg et al. 2016b, Figure 12). The magnitude of heatwave impact was negatively correlated with genetic diversity within E. radiata populations (low diversity populations were completely extirpated), suggesting that genetic diversity and population connectivity may underpin adaptive responses and resilience in these kelp forests (Wernberg et al. 2018). At their low-latitude distribution, kelp forests failed to recover due to increased fish grazing (Bennett et al. 2015a, b) and expansion of turf competitors (Wernberg et al. 2016a); 8 years later, these reefs remain dominated by turf (Figure 12; Thomas Wernberg, pers. obs.). Interestingly, a subsequent unprecedented marine heatwave in Tasmania did not cause a similarly catastrophic response in E. radiata, although several kelp associated taxa were negatively affected (Oliver et al. 2017). Differences in thermal tolerances as a consequence of relative position with the distributional range are the most likely explanation for the difference in impacts between Western Australia (warm range margin) and Tasmania (cool range centre) (Wernberg et al. 2013a, Bennett et al. 2015a).
An Introduction to Seabirds and Their Study
Published in Jaime A. Ramos, Leonel Pereira, Seabird Biodiversity and Human Activities, 2022
Marie Claire Gatt, José Pedro Granadeiro, Paulo Catry
Finally, climate change is possibly one of the most ubiquitous and multifaceted challenges to be faced by marine communities, including seabirds. We anticipate shifts in oceanographic systems (namely surface winds, currents and sea surface temperature, amongst other critical phenomena and parameters), nesting habitat loss due to sea level rise, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, spread of disease, and melting sea ice, all of which already are having consequences on the global seabird community. The strongest climate change effects are expected to come from long-term bottom-up mechanisms affecting productivity and food resources. At the poles, sea ice phenology controls primary production, with implications throughout the trophic chain. As the extent of sea ice decreases and the timing of spring melting shifts, bottom-up consequences on arctic seabird communities are starting to be seen (Ramírez et al. 2017). Above-average temperatures experienced in the oceans—termed “marine heatwaves”—have increased in frequency and intensity over the last century and are expected to cause irreversible changes to the marine ecosystem. Marine heatwaves result in food shortages as prey moves deeper or to higher latitude, cooler waters and/or have diminished body condition and nutritional value (Frölicher et al. 2018). Apart from directly causing morbidity, such prey shortages may also cause breeding deferral or nest abandonment in seabirds, resulting in low reproductive outputs (Piatt et al. 2020). Black-legged kittiwakes GPS-tracked before, during, and after a severe marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific Ocean in 2014 were shown to greatly increase their foraging ranges during the event, but also after sea surface temperatures returned to normal, suggesting that the effects of temperature anomalies are long-lasting (Osborne et al. 2020). Systematic citizen-science surveys along the West Coast of the United States by The Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST; https://coasst.org/) revealed how this marine heatwave was related to mass die-offs, extreme reproductive failure and behavioural shifts in Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) the dominant piscivorous seabird in the North Pacific. The estimated at-sea mortality was around 10–20% of the total Common Guillemot population in western North America. While offshore seabird die-offs do occur sporadically, the magnitude, duration and spatial extent was globally unprecedented (Piatt et al. 2020).
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2020
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Roland Aznar, T. H. Badewien, Arno Behrens, Maristella Berta, Laurent Bertino, Jeremy Blackford, Giorgio Bolzon, Federica Borile, Marine Bretagnon, Robert J.W. Brewin, Donata Canu, Paola Cessi, Stefano Ciavatta, Bertrand Chapron, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Boriana Chtirkova, Stefania Ciliberti, James R. Clark, Emanuela Clementi, Clément Combot, Eric Comerma, Anna Conchon, Giovanni Coppini, Lorenzo Corgnati, Gianpiero Cossarini, Sophie Cravatte, Marta de Alfonso, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian De Lera Fernández, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Anna Denvil-Sommer, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Paulo Alonso Lourenco Dias Nunes, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Owen Embury, Pierpaolo Falco, Odile Fanton d’Andon, Luis Ferrer, David Ford, H. Freund, Manuel García León, Marcos García Sotillo, José María García-Valdecasas, Philippe Garnesson, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Marion Gehlen, Ana Genua-Olmedo, Gerhard Geyer, Andrea Ghermandi, Simon A. Good, Jérôme Gourrion, Eric Greiner, Annalisa Griffa, Manuel González, Annalisa Griffa, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Stéphane Isoard, John J. Kennedy, Susan Kay, Anton Korosov, Kaari Laanemäe, Peter E. Land, Thomas Lavergne, Paolo Lazzari, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux, Bruno Levier, William Llovel, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Vidar S. Lien, Leonardo Lima, Pablo Lorente, Julien Mader, Marcello G. Magaldi, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Carlo Mantovani, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, J. Meyerjürgens, Alexandre Mignot, Robert McEwan, Carlos Mejia, Angélique Melet, Milena Menna, Benoît Meyssignac, Alexis Mouche, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Giulio Notarstefano, Alejandro Orfila, Silvia Pardo, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Coralie Perruche, Monika Peterlin, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Nadia Pinardi, Yves Quilfen, Urmas Raudsepp, Richard Renshaw, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes-Reyes, M. Ricker, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, Paz Rotllán, Eva Royo Gelabert, Anna Rubio, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Karina von Schuckmann, Cosimo Solidoro, Emil V. Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Andrea Storto, Jian Su, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, Gavin H. Tilstone, Joaquín Tintoré, Cristina Toledano, Jean Tournadre, Benoit Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Arnaud Valcarcel, Nadezhda Valcheva, Nathalie Verbrugge, Mathieu Vrac, J.-O. Wolff, Enrico Zambianchi, O. Zielinski, Ann-Sofie Zinck, Serena Zunino
In late 2018, the northeast Pacific experienced warm near-surface ocean conditions, reminiscent of the strong marine heatwave during the winter of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, and coined as `the Blob’ in the North Pacific (Bond et al. 2015; Walsh et al. 2018). The 2013–2015 event was the warmest event ever recorded in the region, and numerous studies have investigated its causes and consequences on regional climate (e.g. Hartmann 2015) and marine ecosystems (e.g. Peña et al. 2019). Based on a mixed layer temperature budget, Bond et al. (2015) have shown that this warm anomaly mainly resulted from a reduced e loss of heat of the ocean in addition to a relatively weaker cold horizontal advection in the surface layer. By increasing ocean thermal stratification, this large-scale anomaly has been identified as impacting both open ocean and coastal areas in changing marine ecosystems (Whitney 2015) and vertical dynamics (Zaba and Rudnick 2016). Recent papers have identified that large-scale modes of climate variability are key mechanisms driving marine heatwaves (e.g. Holbrook et al. 2019). As for the persistence of the northeast Pacific marine heatwave, several studies have documented its relation with the tropical variability through El Niño-Southern Ocean teleconnection (Di Lorenzo and Mantua 2016). Additionally, recent research has shown that the frequency, intensity and duration of marine heatwaves has increased over the past several decades and century (e.g. Hobday et al. 2018; Oliver et al. 2018), a trend expected to continue through the twenty-first century (Frolicher et al. 2018). The processes triggering ‘marine heatwaves are still not well understood – although a number of isolated case studies provide valuable insights into their drivers (Holbrook et al. 2019). In particular, a temperature tendency budget provides a useful framework for diagnosing the important drivers (Holbrook et al. 2019). Here, we also consider the potential importance of the salinity budget for understanding marine heatwaves and discuss the potential impact on phytoplankton biomass.