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An introduction to the world ocean
Published in Mark Zacharias, Jeff Ardron, Marine Policy, 2019
Human activities that influence change include the release of carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels and large-scale deforestation, which decreases the removal rate of CO2 from the atmosphere. Changes in ocean temperatures impact marine biological communities in various ways, including changes in geographical distribution, behaviour and life history (e.g. reproduction, growth and dispersal). It is estimated that 892 commercially important fish species are shifting into new territories at a rate of 70km per decade and that the world’s exclusive economic zones (EEZs) are anticipated to receive up to five new fish stocks by the end of the century (Poloczanska et al., 2013). Coral reefs, for example, are particularly vulnerable to ocean warming, and even minor temperature increases may cause many coral species to expel their algal symbiotic zooxantheallae (termed ‘bleaching’) that provide energy through photo-synthesis, ultimately causing coral death if temperatures stay elevated and the zooxantheallae do not return. There is also evidence that the ranges of some species have shifted towards the north and south poles as temperatures increase in equatorial and temperate waters (Pinsky et al., 2018).
Effects on Ecosystems
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
In January 2007, the Center was one of the inaugural members of the U.S. Climate Action Partnership—an alliance of major businesses and environmental groups that calls on the federal government to enact legislation requiring significant reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Pew Center, in terms of climate change, the biggest impact on estuarine and marine systems will be temperature change, sea-level rise, the availability of water from precipitation and runoff, wind patterns, and storminess. In these often-fragile systems, temperature has a direct and serious effect. For the sea life living within the ocean, temperature directly affects an organism’s biology, such as birth, reproduction, growth, behavior, and death.
Global climate change and the future of electricity production
Published in John Bird, Science and Mathematics for Engineering, 2019
The IPCC identifies more frequent and more severe heat waves as a potential lethal effect of global warming. Some segments of the population, especially people in a weakened state of health, are vulnerable to heat stress. Though imprecise in their predictions, global weather models indicate that extreme weather events are more likely to occur from increases in global average temperatures. The ocean temperature shifts may occur more rapidly and more often, generating major changes in global weather patterns.
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2018
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Pierre Brasseur, Katja Fennel, Samy Djavidnia, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Emmanuelle Autret, Lars Axell, Roland Aznar, Mario Benincasa, Abderahim Bentamy, Fredrik Boberg, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vittorio E. Brando, Clément Bricaud, Lars-Anders Breivik, Robert J.W. Brewin, Arthur Capet, Adrien Ceschin, Stefania Ciliberti, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta de Alfonso, Alvaro de Pascual Collar, Jos de Kloe, Julie Deshayes, Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Riccardo Droghei, Clotilde Dubois, Owen Embury, Hélène Etienne, Claudia Fratianni, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Riccardo Gerin, Simon Good, Jérome Gourrion, Marilaure Grégoire, Eric Greiner, Stéphanie Guinehut, Elodie Gutknecht, Fabrice Hernandez, Olga Hernandez, Jacob Høyer, Laura Jackson, Simon Jandt, Simon Josey, Mélanie Juza, John Kennedy, Zoi Kokkini, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Bernard le Cann, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Bruno Levier, Vidar Lien, Ilja Maljutenko, Fernando Manzano, Marta Marcos, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, Michael Mayer, Angelique Melet, Frédéric Mélin, Benoit Meyssignac, Maeva Monier, Malte Müller, Sandrine Mulet, Cristina Naranjo, Giulio Notarstefano, Aurélien Paulmier, Begoña Pérez Gomez, Irene Pérez Gonzalez, Elisaveta Peneva, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Silvia Pardo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Roshin P. Raj, Urmas Raudsepp, Michaelis Ravdas, Rebecca Reid, Marie-Hélène Rio, Stefano Salon, Annette Samuelsen, Michela Sammartino, Simone Sammartino, Anne Britt Sandø, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Simona Simoncelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Ad Stoffelen, Andrea Storto, Tanguy Szerkely, Susanne Tamm, Steffen Tietsche, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintore, Ana Trindade, Daphne van Zanten, Luc Vandenbulcke, Anton Verhoef, Nathalie Verbrugge, Lena Viktorsson, Karina von Schuckmann, Sarah L. Wakelin, Anna Zacharioudaki, Hao Zuo
Subsurface temperature (Section 1.1) is a key Essential Ocean Variable from which the ocean heat storage (see Section 2.2) and heat transport (see Section 2.3) can be deduced. Large-scale temperature variations in the upper layers are mainly related to the heat exchange with the atmosphere and surrounding oceanic regions, while the deeper ocean temperature in the main thermocline and below varies due to many dynamical forcing mechanisms, including climate change (e.g. Forget and Wunsch 2007; Roemmich et al. 2015; Riser et al. 2016).
Modelling the impact of climate change risk on supply chain performance
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Merve Er Kara, Abhijeet Ghadge, Umit Sezer Bititci
As observed in Figure 1, climate change leads to several environmental consequences including global warming and extreme weather events such as storms, hurricanes, etc. Especially, global warming affects a huge number of variables in the system; e.g. natural resources, heatwaves, sea level rise, precipitation and wildfire. These consequences may also impact and trigger other climate change risks via inherent complex relationships within the system. All of these consequences directly or indirectly affect different performance dimensions of SCs. As an example, global warming leads to an increase in ocean temperature, thus contributing to the melting of ice and the rising of sea levels. Climate change also disrupts the availability of natural resources via changes in precipitation level, droughts, and extreme weather events. Many resource-dependent industries are directly influenced by the scarcity and decreasing quality of raw materials. Changes in weather conditions, geographical changes and natural disasters caused by climate change may also lead to disruption in SC facilities, changes in labour effectiveness, variability in demand and decreases in delivery performance. These problems and increasing costs in supply chains proliferate along the network, leading to a decrease in productivity, profits and lead times and hence, order fulfilment. The unexpected ways in which climate change affects both the environment and organisational conditions lead to problems in planning and forecasting reliability. Figure 1 also captures the impact of industrial activities on climate change. Manufacturing operations require consumption of energy and natural resources, which may result in environmental degradation, loss of resource bases and GHG emissions. Both manufacturing operations and transportation activities are influenced by environmental pollution and changes in land use. Therefore, SC operations also contribute to the growth of existing climate change issues. Thus, environmental regulations and policies were incorporated for reducing the amount of waste and GHG emissions produced by SCs.