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The Indian Scenario
Published in Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan, Blue Economy of the Indian Ocean, 2020
Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan
Mangroves protect the coasts from erosion and extreme events, extreme events, form breeding grounds for fish, provide forest products, and filter nutrients and sequester carbon (Bouillon et al., 2008). Globally, mangroves stored 4.19 ± 0.62 Pg of carbon in 2012, with Indonesia, Brazil, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea accounting for more than 50% of the global stock. It is reported that 2.96 ± 0.53 Pg of global carbon stock is contained within soil and 1.23 ± 0.06 Pg in living biomass (Hamilton and Friess, 2018).
Coastal Environments
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Coastal and Marine Environments, 2020
Mangroves are various kinds of trees growing up to a medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25°N and 25°S.[8] Mangroves provide enormously important and economically valuable ecosystem services to coastal communities throughout the tropics. Their important ecosystems provide wood, food, fodder, medicine, and honey for humans and habitats for many animals such as crocodiles, snakes, tigers, deer, otters, dolphins, and birds. A wide range of fish and shellfish also depend on mangroves as the swamps help filter sediment and pollution from water upstream and stop it from disturbing the delicate balance of ecosystems like coral reefs.
Wetlands: Tidal
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Wetlands and Habitats, 2020
William H. Conner, Jamie A. Duberstein, Andrew H. Baldwin
Impacts to mangroves include land clearing, hydrological alteration, overharvesting both of trees and fauna, coastal eutrophication, pruning of canopies, sea-level rise, road construction, and maricultural operations [106]. Overall, mangrove loss has historically been large globally at a rate of 1%–2% per year [69], but because of coastal protection and restoration declined to around 0.26%–0.66% per year between 2000 and 2012 [107,108]. The potential ecological services that mangroves provide, including strong recent interest in their potential for C sequestration [80], have prompted efforts to restore mangroves. Indeed, treatises on the silvics of mangroves have been around for over a century [109], culminating from a classic overview for Malaysia [90]. However, such attention to tree regeneration has taken the focus off of hydrological restoration, which must precede any efforts to restore mangrove communities through planting in areas where they have been destroyed [110]. Timber production, fisheries and wildlife enhancement, mitigation and legislative compliance, social enrichment, and restoration of ecosystem services provide the necessary impetus for mangrove restoration [111], and nurseries have been established to support wide-scale plantings in some areas (Figure 21.6). Restoration (or rehabilitation, sensu) [111] of mangroves is certainly more than tree planting; where successful, appropriate attention is made to re-establishing tidal and dispersal connections within degraded former wetlands [110].
Impacts of changes in mangrove ecosystems in the Ba and Rewa deltas, Fiji using multi-temporal Landsat data and social survey
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2021
Ram Avtar, Miliana Navia, Jone Sassen, Masahiko Fujii
Mangrove forests are coastal forests that are located in intertidal zones along estuaries, riverbanks, and lagoons in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Giri, Ochieng, and Tieszen 2011). They provide numerous socioeconomic and environmental benefits to local people and play an important role in transferring organic matter from the land to the marine environment (Roy, Alam, and Gow 2013). The mangrove ecosystem is increasingly seen as a carbon-rich ecosystem that warrants restoration and preservation under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) program and as payment for ecosystem services (PES) incentives (e.g. van Lavieren et al. 2012; Alongi 2014). Mangrove forests also protect the coast from erosion, provide a habitat and nursery grounds for coastal fisheries, and trap sediments and pollutants to maintain the water quality of nearshore waters (Ellison and Fiu 2010). They are also nesting places for many local and migratory bird species (Haynes 2011).
Local perceptions of blue carbon ecosystem infrastructures in Panay Island, Philippines
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2021
Jay Mar D. Quevedo, Yuta Uchiyama, Ryo Kohsaka
Bakhawan eco-park is approximately 220 ha of natural and rehabilitated mangrove forests located in barangay (village) New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan (Figure 2). The rehabilitation of the area started with around 50 ha in 1989 through a reforestation project assisted by the DENR and NGO USWAG (United Services Welfare Assistance Group) and implemented by a PO – Kalibo Save the Mangroves Association (KASAMA) (Primavera and Esteban 2008). Over the years, several areas were effectively reforested and expanded (through natural recruitment) due to cooperation between KASAMA, USWAG, and LGU, making the eco-park a successful project (Walton et al. 2006). The mangrove plantation has a huge potential to sequester and store carbon. Previous works of Castillo and Breva (2012) and Duncan et al. (2016) have estimated the carbon stocks (above- and belowground vegetation and sediment C) of the area to be around 146.87 t C ha-1 and 402.69 Mg C ha-1, respectively. Aside from its major functions as carbon sinks, natural buffer against typhoons, and important food source, among others, the rehabilitated area has improved family incomes when it was declared as an eco-tourism site by the LGU of Kalibo in 2004 (Primavera and Esteban 2008). Residents can earn money as incentives from mangrove planting and maintenance and tourism-related activities. To date, the eco-park is a famous tourist site in Kalibo frequented by domestic and international visitors. It has several built infrastructures such as the 1.1 km bamboo-made boardwalk, cottages, and open space for camping activities (Figure 2).
Green infrastructure for the reduction of coastal disasters: a review of the protective role of coastal forests against tsunami, storm surge, and wind waves
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2021
In historical events, coastal forests were found capable of reducing storm surges and wind-driven waves caused by tropical cyclones. Das and Vincent (2009) investigated more than 400 villages along the eastern coast of India that were attacked by a super cyclone in 1999. They found that the death toll was negatively correlated with the width of mangrove forests, indicating that wider mangrove forests could save more lives. Similar to the discussions on tsunami events, researcher debated about how effective coastal forests were in reducing the impact of storm disasters as they believed other factors, such as the distance of coastal communities from shore and topography, also influenced the rate of mortality (Baird et al. 2009; Vincent and Das 2009). In Granek and Ruttenberg (2007), their field experimental sites in Belize were struck by two tropical storms, which allowed them to observe mangrove effects for coastal protection. They compared the retention rates of experimental devices in the areas with and without the protection of mangrove forests. Their findings indicated that intact mangrove forests offered a higher level of protection for the shoreline than deforested areas, suggesting the importance of conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems.