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Low-Impact Development
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Fresh Water and Watersheds, 2020
Curtis H. Hinman, Derek B. Booth
Low-Impact Development (LID) is a strategy for stormwater management that uses on-site natural features integrated with engineered, small-scale hydrologic controls to manage runoff by maintaining or closely mimicking predevelopment watershed hydrologic functions.[1] Planning for LID is most effective at the scale of an entire subdivision or watershed; engineering and site design elements, however, are implemented at the scale of individual parcels, lots, or structures. In combination, these actions seek to store, infiltrate, evaporate, or otherwise slowly release storm-water runoff in a close approximation of the rates and processes of the predevelopment hydrologic regime.
Design Case Studies
Published in Chitrarekha Kabre, Synergistic Design of Sustainable Built Environments, 2020
Low impact development (LID) design approach allows the natural flow of water on the site through infiltration, filtering, ponding, and evaporating. The VAF site allows water to permeate the ground by decreasing concrete and increasing native landscaping, treating 100% of the pollutants associated with the stormwater runoff. Site water flows from the north around the building to the east before entering the retention swale between the street approach and the front entrance demonstrating the process in full view.
Introduction of decision support system for design of LID based on SWMM5.1: A case study in Korea
Published in Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi, Engineering Challenges for Sustainable Future, 2016
J.Y. Song, E.S. Chung, S.H. Kim, S.-H. Lee
Due to climate change, urbanization, and land use change, the hydrological cycle has been severely distorted. Therefore, sustainable development is important for the rehabilitation of river environment and sustainable infrastructures including the natural water cycle should be included to the urban watershed planning and design. Low impact development (LID) is a term used to describe a land planning and engineering design approach to manage stormwater runoff.
Green infrastructure performance in arid and semi-arid urban environments
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
Sara Meerow, Mukunth Natarajan, David Krantz
Cities are increasingly investing in green infrastructure – a term often used interchangeably with low impact development (LID) – as a strategy for addressing mounting flooding and water quality problems while providing other resilience co-benefits such as improved air quality and mitigation of the urban heat island effect (Norton et al. 2015; Tzoulas et al. 2007). The concept of LID was first developed in Maryland as a new approach to managing excess runoff from increased impervious surfaces caused by urban development, one that sought to mimic pre-development hydrology (Dietz 2007). In recent years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promoted green infrastructure for stormwater management (Fletcher et al. 2015). Their definition of green infrastructure is very similar to LID: A cost-effective, resilient approach to managing wet weather impacts that provides many community benefits. While single-purpose gray stormwater infrastructure—conventional piped drainage and water treatment systems—is designed to move urban stormwater away from the built environment, green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while delivering environmental, social, and economic benefits. (EPA 2017)
Engaging professionals in urban stormwater management: the case of China’s Sponge City
Published in Building Research & Information, 2020
Xiaohuan Xie, Shiyu Qin, Zhonghua Gou, Ming Yi
In response to climate change, urban stormwater management has been addressed in many countries’ urban planning measures and policies. The Sustainable Urban Drainage System of the UK is an example of managing urban stormwater issues (Fletcher et al., 2015). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) of Australia is another example of a comprehensive approach to deal with sewage and water supply issues (Wong, 2006). Low Impact Urban Design and Development of New Zealand emphasizes reducing the environmental impact through water pollution management (Che, Yan, Zhao, & Tian, 2014). In the US, the Seattle Public Utilities Low Impact Development (LID) programme is a stormwater management system that is based on ecosystems and oriented towards source control (Montalto et al., 2007). Although different stormwater management systems vary from each other, the common goal aims to reduce environmental impact through deep adjustment of stormwater.
City storm-flood events in China, 1984–2015
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2019
Shaofeng Jia, Yuanyuan Li, Aifeng Lü, Wenhua Liu, Wenbin Zhu, Jiabao Yan, Yuan Liang, Xiaozhi Xiang, Zilong Guan
It was found that in large-scale city construction in China, the increased and currently high rates of green land and green coverage have not prevented city floods. China has required rates for green land and green coverage: the normal standards are 31% and 36% respectively, while the high standards are 36% and 41% respectively (Division of City Socioeconomic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2016). In fact, on average, most cities already meet the high standards, yet city storm-floods have continued to become more frequent and serious. Why is this the case? One important reason is that green space construction has met land area requirements, but not requirements for regulating runoff by infiltrating and storing stormwater. Therefore, one policy implication is that in future, during the planning and construction of city green land, it is very important to consider measures to enhance the permeability of these green spaces and their capacity to store water and reduce surface runoff. In contrast to traditional stormwater treatment, which only mitigates the peak flow rates, low-impact development (LID) can maintain the predevelopment runoff volume (Michael & Dietz, 2007). Based on China’s current situation, it is appropriate that one main tasks of ‘sponge city’ construction is to improve green areas by implementing LID and to search for practical stormwater management measures to meet LID requirements (Davis et al., 2011; Ravagnani, Pellegrinelli, & Franchini, 2009).