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Meeting the requirements of the Building Regulations
Published in Ray Tricker, Samantha Alford, Building Regulations Pocket Book, 2023
Note: This particularly applies to historic and traditional buildings with a vapour permeable construction (such as wattle and daub, cob or stone, and constructions using lime render or mortar) that both absorbs moisture and also readily allows moisture to evaporate.
Jeddah Heritage BIM and the case study
Published in Ahmad Baik, Heritage Building Information Modelling for Implementing UNESCO Procedures, 2020
The common pattern of construction in Historic Jeddah and other such sites in East Africa, according to Orbasli (2007, p. 307), “was to use coral rag or irregular shaped stones that were then covered with a lime render”.
Recycled and ecological materials
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Straw bale construction is either load-bearing or as infill to timber framing. For on-site load-bearing construction, the bales are stacked, large faces down in stretcher bond, making the orientation of the straw fibres predominantly horizontal. Carefully cut half bales are required at openings. At ground level, straw bales must be protected from rising damp and from any risk of saturation from surface water. Additionally, steel mesh protection from rodents may be necessary. Adjacent bales must be firmly packed together to ensure stability and to reduce settling under load both during and after construction. Bales are normally secured with metal spikes or hazel rods from coppiced timber and may be sprayed with insecticide for added protection. Externally, lime/clay or lime render on wire mesh to 35 mm is appropriate as it is flexible, self-healing, and will breathe to prevent the build-up of trapped moisture. Alternatively, a rainscreen, separated from the external face of the bales, may be used. Internally, straw bales are usually finished with gypsum plaster on wire mesh. Openings in straw bale construction may be formed with timber framing, but careful detailing is required to prevent water penetration at these locations. Roofs are normally set onto a timber wall plate fixed through the top bales for stability. Two-storey load-bearing straw bale construction with appropriate finishes can achieve a U-value of 0.13 W/m2K.
Influence of nanomaterials on properties of lime and hemp/lime composites for energy efficient wall design
Published in Advances in Building Energy Research, 2020
F.J. O’Flaherty, F.J. Khalaf, V. Starinieri
Regardless of the materials used in the construction of buildings, thermal conductivity is a very important property. A low value will help conserve heating or cooling energy and help keep the living environment at a comfortable temperature. There is greater effort nowadays in making buildings more eco-friendly. Lime render has been used as a finish to walls for a long time but the use of lime has gone through a renaissance due to its low embodied energy in production. It is used as a binder for hemp shiv and hemp fibres to create lime/hemp composites. Hemp straw provides two products for building materials: hemp fibres are strong and can be used to make lime/hemp fibre panels and hemp shiv is used as a bio aggregate in hemp composites (also known as hemp concrete) (Collet & Prétot, 2014). The lime/hemp shiv composite, in particular, has advantageous insulative characteristics as it has a low thermal conductivity (about 0.1 W/(m·K) minimum) (Bederina et al., 2007) and is lightweight (density: 200–400 kg/m3) (Amziane & Arnaud, 2013). In addition, it has exemplary vapour permeability characteristics meaning the risk of condensation is greatly reduced (Brzyski, Barnat-Hunek, Suchorab, & Łagód, 2017).