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Masonry
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
Stucco is a plaster used for exterior walls. Stucco is applied in three coats. The first coat is the scratch coat, then the brown coat, and finally the finish coat. The first two coats are coarser (have larger fines) than the finish coat. Color may be added if desired. One part of cementitious material to 3–4 parts of loose sand is added together with water. The average compression strength of plaster and stucco is about 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa).
Architectural Strategies for a Dynamic Coast
Published in Elizabeth Mossop, Sustainable Coastal Design and Planning, 2018
To infill heavy timber frames, early residents of Louisiana used a material known as bousillage, as seen in Figure 22.6. A combination of horse hair or Spanish moss and clay, the resulting material would be packed between the heavy timbers and allowed to dry before being coated with a protective lime-based plaster or stucco. The bousillage infill of heavy timbers also provided the benefit of thermal density, meaning that it did not transmit temperature differences between interior and exterior, leaving spaces cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. The stucco mixture of lime and sand provided an additional layer of resistance to water damage and pests, but required regular maintenance to address its tendency to crack and spall over time. The labor-intensive process of creating and placing bousillage assemblies was replaced over time with more industrialized construction processes but there is not an assembly process available today that is as non-toxic and resilient as bousillage. When properly covered in stucco, the bousillage structure is virtually impermeable to water and as an added advantage, any water that does penetrate is still able to dry because the traditional stucco material is breathable.
Exterior Enclosure Components
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Stucco is a process! It is either applied directly to masonry products (e.g., brick, stone, and concrete) or adhered to a lath surface. Wood lath, in the form of furring strips, was replaced by metal lath in the late 1800s. After a surface has been prepared, two to three coats of stucco are applied—less for surfaced masonry products (e.g., scored, gouged, and weathered stone) and more for a lath substrate. The multiple coats consist of (1) a scratch coat; (2) a floating brown coat; and (3) a finishing coat. The base scratch coat and brown coat contain binder (e.g., fiberglass) and one or more additives whereas the finishing coat is only plaster (e.g., lime or Portland cement) or plaster with sand, pigments, and additives (e.g., acrylics). The greater the amount of texture desired, the greater the amount of sand required.
Sustainability evaluation for early design (SEED) framework for energy use, embodied carbon, cost, and daylighting assessment
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2021
Allison Bernett, Katharina Kral, Timur Dogan
The database includes three structural materials: timber, steel, and concrete, and assumes a post and beam structure with solid floor slabs and core shear walls. EC estimates assumed world averages wherever specified, and for any bio-based or timber product, included biogenic carbon storage. Given that the building envelope determines much of the thermal performance, EC content, and aesthetic expression of a design, the database includes seven opaque exterior wall families and three roof families that span sizeable ranges of thermal performance, cost, and EC (Figure 2). Exterior wall constructions include brick and CMU, precast concrete, EIFS with metal stud, wood siding with wood stud, stucco and CMU, stone with wood stud, and SIPs. Each exterior wall family includes four continuous insulation layer thicknesses, resulting in adequate RSI values for most climates according to ASHRAE 90.1-2016 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 2016). The insulation layer consists of either extruded polystyrene (XPS) board or wood fiberboard with lower EC, save for the SIPs family which only uses expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation. Insulation thickness is incremented in 2.54 cm (1 inch) steps for XPS or 5.08 cm (2 inch) steps for fiberboard. The roof families similarly include two insulation types and five thicknesses.
Stucco Marble in the Portuguese Architecture: Multi-analytical Characterisation
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
Maria Teresa Freire, António Santos Silva, Maria do Rosário Veiga, Cristina Barrocas Dias, Ana Manhita
In spite of being representative of an important period of the European decorative arts, the only known characterisation studies of ancient samples of these materials are those made in the scope of the European research project ENVIART in the late 1990s (Wittenburg et al. 1999), and the resulting publications (Kozlowski, Wittenburg, and Zeunert 2000; Wouters, Van Boos, and Lamens 2000a, 2000b), being a little explored field of study. The magnitude of the use of stucco marble in the Portuguese architecture is still not known, partly due to the difficulty in distinguishing this material from real stone and from stucco lustro, another decorative technique used to imitate stone materials, based on lime plaster and painting (Arcolao 1998). The correct identification of stucco marble and the knowledge of the original materials used to perform it are essential for the definition of adequate conservation and restoration procedures, based on the principles of authenticity, minimum intervention and use of compatible materials, and constitute the main objectives of this research work.
Composition and Technology of the 17th Century Stucco Decorations at Červená Lhota Castle in Southern Bohemia
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
Jan Válek, Olga Skružná, Petr Kozlovcev, Dita Frankeová, Petra Mácová, Alberto Viani, Ivana Kumpová
Special attention was paid to the structure of the fruits and their attachment to the support. The fruit pieces were made of a gypsum–lime core mortar and a lime stucco layer. The gypsum–lime mortar provided faster setting and allowed for a stronger bond between the fruit pieces and the substrate. A lime-rich stucco mortar was used to form the shapes and gave the pieces their final appearance. The individual pieces were attached to the wall (on the first coat made of lime mortar) with a 5 mm thick gypsum–lime adhesive mortar. Metal anchors were occasionally used, but only very rarely. The joint between the core and the adhesive mortar was almost invisible, suggesting a so-called ‘fresh on fresh’ application. No direct evidence was found regarding the general working procedure, i.e. whether the shapes were prepared on a desk and then attached to the wall or modelled directly on the wall. Some shapes, such as the bunches of grapes, had to be modelled on the wall; smaller decorations like leaves were most likely left to dry before being attached to larger pieces.