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Forests and Tree-based Land Use Systems: Mitigation and Adaptation Option to Combat Climate Change
Published in Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 2022
Kamini Gautam, Sapna Thakur, Vipasha Bhat, Sheeraz Saleem Bhat
Besides this, enhancement of microbial biomass carbon, microbial nitrogen, soil organic carbon, high fungal, bacterial ratios, enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, enzyme) and beneficial mycorrhizal population have been observed on combining trees on degraded lands with other crops, especially grasses and legume crops (Rao and Pathak, 1996; Chander et al., 1998; Kaur et al., 2000; Kara and Bolat, 2008; Yadav et al., 2014). In India, various tree species have been proved to be successful to phyto-remediate various types of degradation of land, like saline, desert, alkaline, waterlogging affected soils and suitable tree species for plantations in such sites (Table 7). Thus, tree-based land-use systems constantly add leaf litter to the soil, thus increasing soil nutrient status via improving of nutrient cycling, soil microorganism status and organic matter decomposition as they are crucial for restoring soil productivity and soil functioning, which ultimately restores proper functioning of the ecosystem.
Phytoremediation by Constructed Wetlands
Published in Norman Terry, Gary Bañuelos, of Contaminated Soil and Water, 2020
Even where specific combinations of plants are more efficient than others, it is the provision of leaf litter and dissolved organic carbon that is most important. For example, denitrification in wetlands is greater in pure cattail stands than in pure bulrush stands (Table 2.3). Most researchers have noted that more mature wetlands are better for general pollution clean up and this is primarily due to the time taken to establish the plants, not the kind of plant. At present then, the particular plant species or genetically engineered strains are less important than the manipulation of the total wetland environment to provide specific physiochemical conditions that can detoxify or immobilize the pollutant. Future advances may allow seeding with “superplants,” but their survival in the highly competitive wetland ecosystem will require further research.
Origin and Formation of Organic and Inorganic Particles in Aquatic Systems
Published in Roger S. Wotton, The Biology of Particles in Aquatic Systems, 2020
G. Milton Ward, Amelia K. Ward, Cliff N. Dahm, Nicholas G. Aumen
Many of the processes that create, or transport, particulate matter in aquatic systems have been identified. However, only a few are known in sufficient detail for quantitative comparisons and evaluations of their biological importance in aquatic ecosystems. For example, inputs of particulates from the erosion of land surfaces have been investigated to the extent that recent calculations of large river-to-ocean transport of dissolved and particulate loads have been possible.1,2 Despite these recent advances, we know little about transport rates or the interaction of processes which result in the movement of weathered material from the landscape to the channel. Leaf litter (rates of input and decomposition) is a well-investigated source of particles to aquatic ecosystems, especially streams. However, other sources of organic matter and processes affecting their transformation have yet to be quantified. These additional sources could result from flocculation of dissolved organic matter (DOM), adsorption of DOM on surfaces, production of surface biofilms, particle-particle interactions, and inputs of organic matter through erosion. Some of these are likely to be just as quantitatively important as leaf litter inputs, yet they have not been incorporated into organic budget paradigms.
Does invasive river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) alter leaf litter decomposition dynamics in arid zone temporary rivers?
Published in Inland Waters, 2021
Ryan J. Wasserman, Sia Sanga, Mmabaledi Buxton, Tatenda Dalu, Ross N. Cuthbert
The rate of recycling of biologically essential nutrients from plant litter is determined by the rate at which it is changed to alternate forms of organic and inorganic carbon (Heimann and Reichstein 2008, Boyero et al. 2016, Mutshekwa et al. 2020). Decomposition of leaf litter is considered to be a result of leaching of soluble compounds, microbial degradation dynamics, and fragmentation through invertebrate shredding and mechanical abrasion (Boling et al. 1975, Abelho 2001). Within the context of riparian plant invasions, litter dynamics may be compromised through shifts in leaf litter input rates, leaf litter quality, and consumer compatibility, the latter dependent on coevolutionary history with native biota. Here we assessed aspects of leaf litter decay within the biological invasions context in an austral arid region temporary river system. Among the most hydrologically dynamic freshwater ecosystems, temporary rivers are common in arid landscapes (Corti et al. 2011). However, organic matter decay in temporary rivers has been examined relatively little (Larned et al. 2010, Datry et al. 2018, Shumilova et al. 2019). This knowledge gap in these environments is further pronounced within the context of biological invasions because of the limited scope for contrasting native and invasive plant matter dynamics, given the lack of baseline studies and natural processes on native leaf litter in the region.
An insight into the impact of triazophos and deltamethrin pesticides as individual and in combination on oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in Eudrilus eugeniae
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Shikha Singh, Rishikesh K. Tiwari, Ravi S. Pandey
The earthworms play an important role in the soil ecosystem as it helps in maintaining soil structure and fertility [10]. They influence the organic matter dynamics, structure and microbial community [19–21] and hence are referred as ecosystem engineers [22]. It has also been explained as how they enhance the soil porosity by modifying soil organic matter chemically and physically by mixing leaf litter with soil resulting in formation and stabilisation of soil aggregates [23,24].