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Machine Learning/Deep Learning for Natural Disasters
Published in Sam Goundar, Archana Purwar, Ajmer Singh, Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Internet of Things in Sustainable Development, 2023
Tripti Sharma, Anjali Singhal, Kumud Kundu, Nidhi Agarwal
Approximately Rs 13,800 crore is required for flood relief and reconstruction for the victims of the 2013 Kedarnath flood tragedy. The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land, and loss of natural resources. Approximately Rs 100 crore to Rs 150 crore per annum at 2011 prices was lost due to the landslides occurring in India (Disaster Management in India, MHA, Govt. of India, 2011 [https://reliefweb.int]). A huge amount of effort is required to clear off the disruption caused on national highways due to landslide debris. Building up the lost infrastructure requires both money and effort. Recently, several redevelopment projects worth several hundred crores have been initiated to restore the lost infrastructure in Keday valley after tragic Kedarnath flash floods that devastated the area completely in 2013. Because tropical cyclones (TC) are a multihazard weather phenomenon, reconstruction of sanitation, drinking water, electricity supplies, and transportation facilities in the impacted area are required (www.downtoearth.org.in).
Landslide disasters in China and their research and control
Published in R. N. Chowdhury, Geomechanics and Water Engineering in Environmental Management, 2017
The occuring mechanism of landslide is the whole process involving certain lithological and structural aspects of rock and soil which deform, fail, move and stop under various factors. Landslides may have occurred due to various factors (earthquake, river erosion, sea wave washing, reservoir inundation, rain and snow, artificial cutting, loading, collapse by mining, irrigation, machine vibration, etc.). Therefore, the mechanisms are often complex and different in each case. The theories of pore pressure, change of slope stress state, progressive failure, energy release, creep, etc. may be used under certain conditions. Chinese scholars have studied these theories in different ways. Prof. Xu Bangdong and the author of this paper proposed the occurring mechanism of several types of landslides, after concluding that pore pressure plays a leading role in slip band of clayey soil. In overconsolidated expansive clay, progressive failure plays a leading role because of its cracks, overconsolidation, and expansion. The change of stress state is the main cause of failure of high and steep slope with weakened stratum underlying. In high and steep loess and hemidiagenetic stratum slope, the slide is a result of dissolution and brittleness failure process. Prof. Zhang Zhuoyan and others provided five geomechanical patterns of rock mass of slope according to the mechanics of failure analysis of slip band soil. Prof. Yan Tongzhen provided eight kinds of mechanism from initial condition, cause and pattern of sliding.
Earthworks
Published in Barry G. Clarke, Engineering of Glacial Deposits, 2017
The episodic nature of the cliff recession, of the form shown in Figure 5.22, was determined from 114 locations by simply measuring the distance from a datum to the cliff edge, and GPS data to show the average rate of recession (Figure 5.23). Table 5.18 shows that significant erosion takes place once every 11 years and the median extent of erosion takes place every 2 years. The periodic recession appears to comprise four phases: above-average recession preceding a period of high recession followed by another above-average recession and then below-average recession. This behaviour has been attributed to either longshore drift periodically removing the beach or to toe erosion and pore pressure transient conditions. The types of landslides include rotational, wedge and planar failures, falls, topples and mud flows, which are influenced by the fabric and structure of the till, the groundwater and toe erosion. Anthropogenic interventions have a local effect as they can both increase and reduce the rate of recession in adjacent cliff sections depending on their alignment and their relation to the longshore drift.
Mitigation and management of rainfall induced rockslides along the national highways of Himalayan region, India
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Prakasam C, Aravinth R, Varinder S Kanwar, B Nagarajan
Landslide occurs due to various natural and anthropogenic factors that includes cloudburst, thunderstorms, antecedent rainfall, building and roadways construction. Landslides are mostly restricted to hilly terrains due to their rugged topography, steep slopes, soil content etc. Among other Geohazards landslide occur more frequently in occurrences due to the complex morphodynamic process of the Himalayan region (Martha et al. 2013). On a global scale landslide is one of the major disasters worldwide that contributes higher rate of causalities and economical losses (Bhardwaj et al. 2019; Tanyas et al. 2019). On frequency scale landslide has caused more social and economic loss compared to other natural hazards (Sarkar et al. 2016; Prakasam et al. 2020). According to the report submitted by ‘International Association of Engineering Geology (IAEG)’ on worldwide landslide events (1971–1975) to the UNESCO they have reported that landslide accounts for about 14% causalities from natural hazards (Froude and Petley 2018). In a report given by International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) the landslide event occurred between 1990 and 2015 covers about 4.9% of the all the disasters that occurred in Asia.
Spatial prediction of shallow landslide: application of novel rotational forest-based reduced error pruning tree
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Alireza Arabameri, M. Santosh, Sunil Saha, Omid Ghorbanzadeh, Jagabandhu Roy, John P. Tiefenbacher, Hossein Moayedi, Romulus Costache
Soil erosion is a global problem challenging sustainability (Bayat et al. 2019; Jiang et al. 2019; Lu et al. 2019b; Salesa et al. 2019; Guadie et al. 2020). Erosion caused by landslides affects watersheds at the landslide and sediment deposition (Chalise et al. 2019). Landslides, a form of soil erosion, affect sustainable development and land deterioration (Keesstra et al. 2018; Visser et al. 2019). Landslides can have high economic costs (Rangsiwanichpong et al. 2019) and are hazards to people (Gao and Sang 2017; Nachappa et al. 2020). They degrade land quality through erosion and sedimentation (Piacentini et al. 2018). They are found in most regions of the world (Gariano and Guzzetti 2016). Landslides influence the stream flows, which cause flooding and disturb the normal rhythms of stream (Keesstra et al. 2018a, 2019). Failing slopes can be activated by earthquakes (Roback et al. 2018), but precipitation tends to be the main factor triggering landslides (Sidle and Bogaard 2016). Their probability of occurrence is also tied to vegetation cover (Guo et al. 2020). Landslide research has been the foci of both basic (Whiteley et al. 2019) and applied sciences (Piciullo et al. 2018).
Landslide susceptibility mapping using MT-InSAR and AHP enabled GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Meghanadh Devara, Ashutosh Tiwari, Ramji Dwivedi
Landslides are one of the natural hazards which have caused significant socio-economic damages over the years. There is a need for extensive research to reduce the loss and effectively manage timely rescue efforts. Every year, the road infrastructure development takes place in hilly regions of India (road widening, new route constructions, bypass, road cuttings, etc.), which leads to the development of many steep slopes. This further leads to the destabilization of many landslides, which are susceptible to be triggered by rainfall or earthquake shocks. The above factors motivate for detailed investigation and development of effective methods to map deforming regions and update the unstable zones. The heavily trafficked Char-Dham route, Uttarakhand, India is selected for detailed analysis. Landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) are generally prepared for landslide-prone areas, categorizing susceptible regions based on input parameters. This further provides a vital source of information tools for geologists, disaster management agencies, and disaster response forces (Nadim et al. 2006; Hong et al. 2007). Factors and information considered in generating LSMs play a critical role in making it more precise and informative. However, careful investigation of the techniques used to provide reliable results with enough accuracy so that accurate LSM could be generated.