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Fuel Production by Supercritical Water
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Water for Energy and Fuel Production, 2014
A number of studies examined the decomposition of mixed feedstock under SCW conditions [89,95–99]. Veski et al. [98] examined the decomposition of a mixture of kukersite oil shale and pinewood and showed improved liquid and gas yields at 380°C temperature. The mixture indicated a synergistic effect and showed the product to be 1.5-2.0 times better than what would be predicted based on simple additive yields.
Natural minerals as potential catalysts for the pyrolysis of date kernels: effect of catalysts on products yield and bio-oil quality
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rima A. Aljeradat, Salah H. Aljbour, Nabeel A. Jarrah
The zeolitic tuff increased the yield of Organic II in the bio-oil, which mainly consists of furans, phenolics, alcohols and ketones. An increased content of Organic II in the bio-oil will enhance the stability of the bio-oil. Adam et al. (2005) investigated Al-MCM-41 type mesoporous catalysts during the pyrolysis of spruce wood. The Al-MCM-41 catalyst without modification converted the pyrolytic vapors into important acetic acid, furfural and furans. Park et al. (2021) investigated the pyrolysis of black pine wood (BPW) and Kukersite oil shale (KOS) under catalytic and non-catalytic conditions. The investigators showed that the noncatalytic pyrolysis of BPW and KOS generated mostly oxygenates and light hydrocarbons, respectively. These oxygenates and light hydrocarbons were transformed to aromatic hydrocarbons via catalytic pyrolysis on acid zeolites. Because of the catalyst acidity and pore characteristics, HZSM-5 exhibited the best efficiency in the production of aromatics.
Lituitid cephalopods from the upper Darriwilian and basal Sandbian (Middle–Upper Ordovician) of Estonia
Published in GFF, 2020
Martina Aubrechtová, Tõnu Meidla
The Ordovician limestone succession in Estonia and adjacent areas begins with Dapingian cool-water carbonates deposited on a shallow, marine, sediment-starving ramp (Meidla et al. 2014). Most of the fossil cephalopods studied herein come from the strata of the Darriwilian age (Fig. 3) which comprise three depositional sequences as detailed by Ainsaar et al. (2007). Throughout the Middle and Late Ordovician, gradual changes in the type of sedimentation and biofacies led to the appearance of tropical carbonates in the early Katian. The changes are ascribed to the gradual climatic change resulting from the northward drift of the Baltica Palaeocontinent from the temperate climatic zone to the (sub-)tropical realm (Nestor & Einasto 1997; see also Fig. 2 herein). Although some increase of sedimentation rates through the Middle Ordovician suggests increasing carbonate production rates, the formation of the earliest Late Ordovician strata still took place in a relatively cool-water marine basin located at intermediate southern latitudes. The Middle and lowermost Upper Ordovician succession in northern Estonia is composed of limestones containing some intercalations of kukersite oil shale that are mainly confined to the Kukruse Regional Stage, basal Upper Ordovician.
Effect of N2 and CO2 on shale oil from pyrolysis of Estonian oil shale
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Sepehr Mozaffari, Oliver Järvik, Zachariah Steven Baird
Kukersite oil shale from the Ojamaa mine was used throughout the study. The characteristics of kukersite oil shale used in this work are given in Table 1. More detailed analysis of the oil shale can be found in the literature. (Maaten et al. 2020) The elemental analysis of the shale sample indicated that the sample contains 28.5% organic matter. Also, the total organic carbon and total inorganic carbon are 19.71 and 5.83%, respectively. Due to its low H/C (1.26) and high O/C (0.09) molar ratio, kukersite oil shale can be classified as Type II oil shale.