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Experimental analysis of brick masonry veneer walls under out-of-plane loading
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
A. Martins, G. Vasconcelos, A. Campos-Costa
As far as force-displacement diagrams of infill walls are concerned, it is noticed that there is a significant difference with respect to veneer wall. The deformation of infill wall is dependent on the capacity that the steel ties have to transfer the out-of-plane loading to the backing system, taking into account that the load is applied directly in the masonry veneer wall. This is a very important aspect to take into account regarding the seismic behaviour because it shows the interaction between both masonry leaves and can provide some indications for a suitable structural design for resisting the loading.
Numerical investigation of masonry infilled R.C. frames
Published in Claudio Modena, F. da Porto, M.R. Valluzzi, Brick and Block Masonry, 2016
T. Kubalski, M. Marinković, C. Butenweg
2.1 Overall simulation approach The masonry infilled frame is idealized by a detailed three dimensional simulation model made up of a reinforced concrete frame connected by contact elements to the masonry infill wall. The infill wall itself is built up brick by brick, connected by head and bed joints represented by interface elements. The modelling is carried out in parallel with Abaqus (Simulia, 2014a) and lS-DYNA (lSTC, 2015a). The results of both programs are compared with experimental results obtained within the framework of the European project INSYSME (Butenweg et al., 2014). The numerical model in Abaqus (Simulia, 2014a) is used for the analysis of infilled frames under monotonically rising lateral loads as well as for cyclic loads while in lS-DYNA (lSTC, 2015a) only a monotonically rising load is applied. Hence, the following descriptions focus mainly on the model made in Abaqus (Simulia, 2014a), while only a brief description of the model in lS-DYNA (lSTC, 2015a) is given in the following. Further information about the micro modelling in lS-DYNA (lSTC, 2015a) can be found in Kubalski & Butenweg (2015). 2.2 Modelling of the reinforced concrete frame 2.2.1 Simulation model in Abaqus The simulation model in Abaqus consists of 3D solid elements for the concrete and beam elements are used for the modelling of the reinforcing bars. The nonlinear material behaviour of the concrete elements is described by means of the isotropic Concrete Damaged Plasticity Model (CDPM) which is provided in Abaqus (Simulia, 2014a) for static and dynamic loading conditions. This model requires the definition of stress-strain curves to be assigned for compression and tension in combination with plasticity parameters. A detailed description of the plasticity parameters and their selection is given in Simulia (2014b). In compression the stress-strain curve given in Eurocode 2 (2004) is used, which can be regarded as a specialisation of the non-linear stress-strain curve according to Sargin (1971). This curve is defined only up to the nominal ultimate strain. To reach experimental levels of deformation, the curve is extended with
A model for determining the arrangement and geometric specifications of infill walls in the architectural design to improve the seismic behavior of buildings
Published in Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2022
Azadeh Noorifard, Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj, Mohammad Reza Tabeshpour
If the wall is completely separated from the frame, the wall has no effect, neither positive nor negative, on the response of the structure. In this case, it is necessary to prevent the in-plane forces from transferring between the frame and the infill wall by using separation gaps and simultaneously, to provide out-of-plane resistance for the infill wall by using appropriate anchors (Charleson, 2008; Dowrick, 2009). It is also necessary to provide architectural details for sealing, thermal, sound, and fire insulation at the gaps (Charleson, 2008; Dowrick, 2009).
In-plane Quasi-static Cyclic Load Tests on Reinforced Concrete Frame Panels with and without Brick Masonry Infill Walls
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Syed Azmat Ali Shah, Khan Shahzada, Bora Gencturk, Qazi Sami Ullah, Zawar Hussain, Muhammad Javed
The influence of infill walls on the seismic behavior of RC frames is investigated in this research. One of the key contributions is the influence of the presence and location of a door opening in infill wall on the seismic response. The study conclusions are based on full-scale testing of four RC specimens under quasi static cyclic loading with a constant gravity load. The obtained data was evaluated in terms of stiffness, strength, ductility, energy dissipation, and failure modes. Based on the observations, the following conclusions and recommendations are made. The infill walls could increase the strength of RC frames up to approximately 2 times that of the bare frame. However, the ductility reduces to 85% of that of the bare frame.The presence of a door opening reduces the effectiveness of infill wall both in terms of strength and ductility. The strength increase is reduced by 50% and the ductility is reduced to 75% of the frame with no opening in the infill wall.Moving the door opening from one side to the center of the infill wall improves the strength by 18%.The holdfast arrangement did not prove sufficient in limiting the crack initiation at the interface of RC frame and the infill wall. Therefore, it is recommended to use a steel mesh to create a composite action between the infill wall and the RC frame.Based on the observed crack patterns, it is recommended that the lintel beam is extended to the whole length of the wall. Due to the change in the stiffness at the location of the lintel beam, the cracks were observed to initiate at the end of the lintel beam in the masonry wall.In the case of masonry infill wall with opening, due to the change in stiffness at the location of the opening, the cracks initiated at the opening corner. Therefore, a steel door frame is recommended for a more uniform transition in the stiffness as compared to a wood door.The infilled RC frame exhibited a higher energy dissipation as a result of the friction within the cracks generated in the infill wall, and in between the RC frame and the infill wall.The drift value corresponding to IO, LS and CP performance levels was observed to decrease with the addition of the infill wall in the RC frame as a result of the decreasing ductility.