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Phase field model for reinforcement corrosion induced concrete cover cracking
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
Xurui Fang, Zichao Pan, Jiajun Zhang, Airong Chen
Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, which has been utilized to construct bridges, tunnels, buildings, and dams. In a corrosion environment, however, aggressive substances such as chloride ions and carbon dioxide can penetrate the concrete cover and initiate the corrosion of steel. As the volume of corrosion products is several times the volume of corroded steel (Lu et al. 2011, Sanz et al. 2017), the expansion of corrosion products can eventually lead to concrete cracking and spalling. These cracks in turn accelerate the penetration of aggressive substances as well as corrosion of steel. This vicious circle can destroy the concrete cover, reduce the reliability of the structure, and increase the maintenance and repair costs (Shi et al. 2012). Thus, it is significant to understand the process of concrete cover cracking induced by steel corrosion for ensuring the safety of the structures.
Design in reinforced concrete to EN 1992
Published in Chanakya Arya, Design of Structural Elements, 2022
Reinforced concrete is used in many civil engineering applications such as the construction of structural frames, foundations, retaining walls, water retaining structures and bridges. These structures are increasingly being designed to Eurocode 2. Prior to its publication, engineers used to refer to BS 8110 for advice on the design of concrete buildings, BS 8007 for liquid-retaining structures and BS 5400: Part 4 for concrete bridges. However, these Standards were ‘withdrawn' in 2010, meaning that they are no longer maintained by the British Standards Institute and will become progressively less acceptable for use in design.
Shape Memory Polymer Composites
Published in D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh, Shape Memory Materials, 2018
D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh
Note that concrete as a construction material is strong in compression is weak in tension. The introduction of steel reinforcements that are strong in tension makes reinforced concrete a comprehensively strong material. Analogously, the addition of reinforcements to an SMP matrix helps to overcome its drawbacks by tailoring the material properties. Carbon, fiberglass, and Kevlar reinforcements increase the stiffness of the SMP resins and improve recoverable strain levels.
Corrosion evaluation of carbon steel bars by magnetic non-destructive method
Published in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 2022
Aldecira G. Diogenes, Elineudo Pinho de Moura, André da Silveira Machado, Lindberg Lima Gonçalves
Reinforced concrete is widely used in bridges, buildings, platforms and other structures. Although these structures show excellent performance and high durability, steel corrosion is a major cause of failures in reinforced concrete structures [1]. The corrosion of the steel reinforcements results in a decrease in the durability and the resistance of concrete structures [2]. Reinforcement corrosion appears due to the presence of carbonation and/or the entry of chloride into the concrete. The evolution of steel corrosion embedded in concrete causes internal expansion forces, which exceed the tensile strength of the concrete, resulting in cracking followed by the spalling of the concrete cover [3,4]. Therefore, the early stages of corrosion in steel should be detected in order to take appropriate actions to control the evolution of the corrosion [5].
Assessing the compressive performance of PVC coating on steel wire mesh reinforced concrete
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
A. S. Safaa, Nuha Hadi Jasim Al Hassan, Dhia Chasib Ali, M. A. Mohammed, Raheem Al-Sabur
Reinforced concrete is a type of concrete that incorporates steel reinforcement bars, also known as rebars, to provide additional strength and durability (Hamid et al., 2018). The steel rebars are placed within the concrete before it sets, and combining the two materials creates a strong and rigid structure commonly used in construction. Reinforced concrete is a versatile building material used in various applications, including foundations, columns, beams, and slabs (Ischenko & Borisova, 2020). It is also resistant to fire, weather, and other environmental factors, making it a popular choice for residential and commercial construction projects. Two main reinforcement types are used in reinforced concrete: Steel Reinforcement and Fiber Reinforcement. Steel reinforcement involves using steel bars or meshes to reinforce the concrete. The steel is added to the concrete to provide extra strength and to resist tension forces. The steel used in reinforced concrete is typically high-strength steel, such as deformed steel bars, welded wire mesh, or steel fibres. The Fiber reinforcement type involves using small glass, plastic, or concrete reinforced with steel fibres to increase its tensile strength, durability, and crack resistance. It also reduces shrinkage and cracking caused by temperature changes and drying. Some common types of fibre reinforcement used in reinforced concrete include Polypropylene fibres (Al-Katib et al., 2018; Sohaib et al., 2018); Glass fibres (Ahmad et al., 2022); Steel fibres (Błaszczyński & Przybylska-Fałek, 2015); Carbon fibres (Branco et al., 2014); and Synthetic fibres (Kirsanov & Stolyarov, 2018). Steel and fibre reinforcement can be used in combination with each other to enhance the reinforced concrete’s strength and durability.
Corrosion monitoring at the interface using sensors and advanced sensing materials: methods, challenges and opportunities
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2023
Vinooth Rajendran, Anil Prathuru, Carlos Fernandez, Nadimul Haque Faisal
Figure 3c illustrates the corrosion on the reinforced concrete [28]. There are some similarities, however, it is necessary to acknowledge that corrosion of reinforced concrete is different to that outside of a pipe or process vessel with or without insulation or coating. Reinforced concrete is a versatile, strong, long durable composite construction material. In some situations, it loses strength rapidly and collapses owing to various reasons such as poor materials selection, wrong way of design and construction method, awful environmental conditions. Broomfield [29] mentioned about corrosion in reinforced steel. Reinforced concrete contains a high level of calcium, sodium and potassium oxides which are alkaline hydroxides. These alkaline hydroxides make a concrete alkaline (pH range from 12 to 13). High alkalinity condition forms a passive layer over the steel and protects it from corrosion attack. The reinforced concrete cracks start at a specific place owing to mechanical loading and thermal shrinkage. The chloride, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide enter the crack and settle down on the steel. Carbonation of concrete and chloride attack demolishes the passivation layer which leads to corrosion (note: the process of alkaline hydroxide reaction with carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation). The chloride-induced corrosion on reinforced steel is a multi-stage process. Chloride diffuses randomly on the concrete from various sources through concrete cover and accumulation of chlorides on the reinforcement. It then breaks the passive layer of the steel and corrosion initiates and propagates. The reinforced interface corrosion can be mitigated by making sure functional changes at the concrete-steel interface and using corrosion inhibitors to delay the depassivation of steel [29–32].