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Collapse experiment and numerical simulation of a slope under strong earthquake
Published in Charlie C. Li, Xing Li, Zong-Xian Zhang, Rock Dynamics – Experiments, Theories and Applications, 2018
Earthquake and engineering-induced seismicity (or called artificial earthquake) could cause disasters. In general, the magnitude of artificial earthquakes is smaller than natural earthquakes. The greater the magnitude is, the more energy is released with the greater destructive power. In general, an earthquake, whose magnitude is equal to or greater than six, is called a strong earthquake, such as the strong earthquake of magnitude 7.1 in Yushu County of Qinghai in April 14, 2010. If the magnitude is greater than or equal to 8, it is called a huge earthquake, such as the Wenchuan earthquake of the magnitude 8 in May 12, 2008. Wenchuan and Yushu are located in mountainous areas, and the landform of both is featured in high mountain slopes which are steep slopes and contain faults and joints. The Wenchuan earthquake has the characteristics of high magnitude, fault trusting diastrophism and long main shock duration, which results in disasters like surface rupture, landslide and liquefaction. Among them, the landslides have the following characteristics (Wang 2008; Yin 2006). The first one is the large number of landslides with large distribution density. The second one is the huge influence area with serious disaster loss. The third is the large scale of earthquake-induced landslides. And the fourth is that the landslide distribution is obviously affected by the fault rupture.
Introduction
Published in Hector Estrada, Luke S. Lee, Introduction to Earthquake Engineering, 2017
Earthquakes caused by energy production processes have been recorded for over 50 years, though recently the association of earthquakes and energy production has become contentious. This is particularly controversial with respect to the hydraulic fracturing (fracking) process. This technique for extracting oil and gas from low permeability rocks involves fracturing rocks by injecting high-pressure fluid into the rock. The most compelling evidence of fracking-induced seismicity can be found in Oklahoma and north Texas, regions where seismic activities were once nonexistent, but now routinely experience small earthquakes; with the only variable being oil and gas production. In fact, a 2012 report by the U.S. National Research Council concluded that some (not many) production activities have induced perceptible seismicity. Geothermal power generation has also been conclusively correlated with earthquakes. The process entails injecting water at high pressures to fracture 500°F solid rock, creating an artificial reservoir of superheated water, the steam of which is then used to drive electrical turbines. A well-documented case of induced seismicity is from Geysers Geothermal field in California.
Methodology to back-analyze the slip-weakening distance of induced seismicity, considering seismic efficiency
Published in Ömer Aydan, Takashi Ito, Takafumi Seiki, Katsumi Kamemura, Naoki Iwata, 2019 Rock Dynamics Summit, 2019
Induced seismicity is the dynamic phenomenon of the rockmass at great depths caused by various human activities, such as underground mining, geothermal energy development, the construction of hydraulic power plant, CO2 sequestration, and so on (Ortlepp, 2000, Baisch et al., 2010, Majer et al., 2007, Rutqvist et al., 2007). In underground mines, a severe seismic event can produce devastating damage to mine openings (Ortlepp and Stacey, 1994), whilst for the seismic activity due to geothermal fluid injection, it may raise public concern (Majer et al., 2007). Hence, a better understanding of the mechanism of induced seismicity and developing a methodology to predict its severity are of paramount importance.
Seismic fragility analysis using nonlinear autoregressive neural networks with exogenous input
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Imran A. Sheikh, Omid Khandel, Mohamed Soliman, Jennifer S. Haase, Priyank Jaiswal
Over the past few years, several locations within the central United States have experienced a significant increase in earthquake activity due to induced seismicity (Ellsworth, 2013). Most of the structures in these areas have not been designed to withstand this higher seismicity given the previously low natural earthquake hazard levels in these regions; accordingly, it is necessary to quantify the seismic risk of these vulnerable structures under updated seismic hazard scenarios. Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) (Shokrabadi, Banazadeh, Shokrabadi, & Mellati, 2015) offers robust means for evaluating the seismic risk of structures with complex systems and irregular geometries. When used in conjunction with structural health monitoring (SHM), PBEE can provide a realistic prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the investigated structure. A PBEE framework that helps in quantifying the fragility of the structure, requires proper seismic hazard quantification and response assessment at various hazard levels (Aghayan, Jaiswal, & Siahkoohi, 2016; Lagaros & Papadrakakis, 2012).
Catalogue of real-time instrumentation and monitoring techniques for tailings dams
Published in Mining Technology, 2021
Seismicity can present itself naturally or be induced by mining activities. Naturally through earthquakes, the regional susceptibility to seismic behaviour is often understood and accounted for in the design. Regardless, monitoring techniques are employed to help understand the magnitude, distance to source, and the potential influence that these natural events may have on current activities. Mining activities have also been empirically proven to cause induced seismicity, from triggers such as underground rock burst, oil and gas extraction, fluid injection and hydraulic fracturing, and pore pressure increase in faults.