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Handling and Using Catalysts in the Plant
Published in Martyn V. Twigg, Catalyst Handbook, 2018
In order to cut down the amount of work to be done during a plant shutdown it can be convenient to transfer the catalyst from drums into intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), or in the case of reforming catalyst, into the socks from which it will be charged to the tubes. The catalyst can be supplied from the manufacturer in bulk containers in many cases. Sufficient catalyst can be stored in such intermediate containers for each reactor involved in the shutdown, and the associated catalyst drum handling can be done outside the period of the shutdown itself. Various types of intermediate bulk containers are available, and Figure 3.2 illustrates a method of their charging and use. This particular type of intermediate bulk container is made of reinforced plastic and holds about two cubic metres of catalyst. The cheapest types of bulk container are intended for use on one occasion only, but a more expensive type can be obtained which is suitable for re-use. When properly closed, both types can be stored outside for some time, preferably on pallets, as shown in Figure 3.2(b). Pallets are convenient for handling the IBCs and help to keep then out of pools of water. Reformer catalyst is normally packed in canvas or polythene socks before charging, and the catalyst can be stored in the socks indefinately so long as they are kept dry. ICI can deliver the catalyst already packed in socks in suitable boxes. The process of sock filling is illustrated in Figure 3.3.
The landfill paradox
Published in Fiona Allon, Ruth Barcan, Karma Eddison-Cogan, The Temporalities of Waste, 2020
In the course of our walk on the heap, Harald and I went along the different sections of the structure as its internal geography unfolded step by step: behind me, the closed-down section, marked by grass coverage and cylindrical components looming out of the trash heap in even intervals; under my feet, a mixture of excavation earth and compacted waste forms the “material background,” which at first sight can’t necessarily be identified as waste. Looking more carefully, here and there some remains of packaging, cans or plastic bags peek out of the ground; in one corner there are several small piles of mineral waste and/or slag (in one of them there are some rusty cans and other metal objects mixed in the slag), each numbered, which means—as Harald explained—that they have not yet been authorised, but will have to wait for the results of the laboratory to obtain their final authorisation to remain on-site; in another corner, a hole, rather looking like a small crater, filled up with sludgy, swampy ash-grey/black material and girded by a system of pipes and sockets: powdery combustion residues, mixed with liquids and pumped in the sinkhole in order to bind the dusty waste. My attention is also caught by some Bigbags (technical term: Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container) lying around as well as cubic waste bales packed in stretch film and piled up like giant building blocks; in between, several workers on their vehicles are doing their job, some of them dumping waste, some of them compacting the waste to build up the structure on which they stand (see Figure 9.1). According to Harald, all-in-all the waste keeps coming in vast quantities, which in recent years even exceeded the anticipated annual storage.
Flexible Containment for Primary Manufacturing/Bulk Operations
Published in James P. Wood, Containment in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
Steven M. Lloyd, Ronald W. Wizimirski
In the processing of pharmaceutical compounds, those compounds must typically be transferred to and from processing equipment, transfer systems, and storage containers. Typically, this is accomplished through a series of manipulative steps performed by plant operators. A transfer container, such as a Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC), is placed on the discharge port of a batch processing vessel.
Combustion products generated in simulated industrial fires
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Katherine M. Kirk, Zenon Splawinski, Raymond C. Bott, Michael B. Logan
The scenario area inside the metal tray was furnished with contents typical of a small industrial facility such as an automotive body repair premises with small office-type work area. This type of work setting was selected because these types of premises are common within the communities served by the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, and this type of fire can be effectively simulated at a size that is manageable by a single, experienced entry team of firefighters (as would form the initial response to such an incident). For each experiment, the fuel package consisted of a 1,000-L high-density polyethylene intermediate bulk container (IBC) with metal cage, containing 100 L of diesel; five 20-L polyethylene drums, two of which contained 10 L of ethanol; two empty 10-L polyethylene drums; three 4-L metal paint tins containing a total of 5 L of paint (solvent ingredients included white spirits, mineral turpentine, kerosene, and xylene); two 5-L metal fuel tins each containing 1 L of mineral turpentine; a desk, office chair, two-drawer filing cabinet, and plastic waste bin with fabric scrap. This package was selected based on known typical products found within such facilities, while controlling overall fuel load for safety reasons. The total volume of ignitable liquid in each experiment was 127 L. Tray contents were placed in the same relative positions for each experiment, as shown in Figure 1.
A green procurement methodology based on Kraljic Matrix for supplier`s evaluation and selection: a case study from the chemical sector
Published in Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, 2019
Felipe Sanchez Garzon, Manon Enjolras, Mauricio Camargo, Laure Morel
An analysis was realised for a supply product of the company named Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC), a flexible plastic container used for the product delivery to the customers. First, the buyer has to assign the weight of the criteria related to the GSC for each quadrant of the matrix: routine, bottlenecks, leverage, strategic (Table 4). These weights depend on the procurement strategy of the company. Then, the same process is realised for the criteria related to quality. For the evaluated supplier, each claim has a negative value. The weights for the quality axis are shown in Table 5 (Step 4).