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Drought Management
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity, 2017
Saeid Eslamian, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Vijay P. Singh, Jan Adamowski, Sheyda Mohammadifard, Ramin Bahmani, Somayeh Eskandari, Mehdi Zomorodian, Ata Arefeyan, Sara Dehghani, Mina Aghaesmaeili, Meysam Shahbazi, Mohammad Taghi Amoushahi, Narges Yousefi, Arya Namdi
Iran is in Western Asia and also the second-largest country in the Middle East. The annual rainfall is 680 mm in the eastern part and more than 1700 mm in the western part. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm of precipitation. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38°C. The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation in the south ranges from 135 to 355 mm [36]. Lake Urmia was the largest inland body of salt water in the Middle East and the second-largest hypersaline lake in the world, with an area varying from 5200 to 6000 km2 in the twentieth century [40,109]. In recent years, the surface area of Lake Urmia has reduced. The average annual precipitation in the lake is about 341 mm and temperature is about 11.2°C. The lake has about 200 species of birds, including pelicans, egrets, ducks, and flamingos. There are 13 main rivers in Urmia and the two important rivers are Zarinneh Rud and Simineh Rud, which supply more than 50% of total surface water. Zayandeh Rud river basin is one of the most important watersheds in Iran, due to its high agricultural, industrial, and environmental potential, with an area of 26,917 km2 in central Iran. In the recent decades, population growth and industrial advancement have made society more dependent on ever-decreasing water resources. In this area, a low irrigation efficiency leads to the consumption of 73% of the water supply for agriculture [107].
Endorheic Lake Dynamics: Remote Sensing
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Fresh Water and Watersheds, 2020
Endorheic lakes are important natural resources. First of all, they are crucial water resources in the arid environment that they belong to, feeding people and animals and irrigating agriculture. They are also valuable industrial mineral resources. The minerals dissolved in the water are concentrated during the natural evaporation process and deposit in lakes. Zabuye Caka, for example, is a hypersaline lake on the western Tibetan Plateau with a salinity concentration of ~300 g/L as measured in 2011.[2] Lithium carbonate was discovered in this lake in the 1980s,[3] and it now is China’s major source of lithium, which is a main component of lithium batteries extensively used in electronic devices.
Extremophiles Life of Microorganisms in Extreme Environments
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Rahul Kumar, Ramchander Merugu, Swati Mohapatra, Sneha Sharma, Hemlata
Classification: Halophiles are classified as Slightly halophile: 2-5%; Moderately halophile: 5-10%; Extremely halophile: 20-30%; Non halophile: less than 2% and Halotolerant—those that doesn’t need high salt to grow but are not affected by it (Ventosa et al. 1998). The two biggest and best-examined hypersaline water bodies, i.e., the pH of both the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea range near 7.0, that is, neutral, in spite of the fact that the Great Salt Lake is somewhat basic while the Dead Sea is near to acidic. The Sambhar Salt Lake is also a perfect example of hypersaline lake that is located in the Jaipur city of Rajasthan in India along the National Highway 8.
Investigation over the capability of MIKE 3 flow model FM to simulate the hydrodynamics and salinity distribution of hypersaline lakes: Lake Urmia (Iran) as case study
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2019
Mina Soudi, Hojjat Ahmadi, Mehdi Yasi, Stefano Sibilla, Andrea Fenocchi, Sajad Ahmad Hamidi
Lake Urmia, located in northwestern Iran, is the second most hypersaline lake in the world after the Dead Sea (Karbassi et al. 2010). This shallow lake has faced in recent years a serious environmental crisis, because the natural hydrological regimes of the input rivers in its basin have changed in the last century, due to water abstraction and climate change. Moreover, since 1979 a dike-type causeway has been gradually built in the middle of Lake Urmia, dividing it into North and South basins, in order to connect the cities of Urmia (West Azerbaijan Province) and Tabriz (East Azerbaijan Province).