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Next Generation of Smart Sensors
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Michael E. Stanley, Stéphane Gervais-Ducouret
The industrial market also benefits from smart sensors. Usage of sensors is as diverse as the industrial applications themselves. For instance, physical tamper detection, utilizing extremely low-power 3-axis accelerometers running for years on battery power, can now be seen in smart meters and other devices. Accelerometers are also used for vibration monitoring to detect machine defects and trigger maintenance prior to a real failure. Associating sensors with low-power wireless transceivers may enable the most pervasive technology for industrial: building and home automation. The main benefits are energy saving (heater, light, HVAC, etc.), cost saving (manpower, cables, maintenance, etc.), and security (alarm, detection of fire and gas, malfunction of devices, etc.). Smart sensors are crucial for such applications since power consumption is critical: 10 years is the minimum battery life for building automation sensors. Dedicated processing at the sensor level is one of the solutions used to minimize data flow and communication and therefore power consumption. Association of smart sensors together with very low-power wireless transceivers, such as ZigBee Smart Energy (Zigbee, 2012) and even energy harvesting (using differential temperature or vibration), will dramatically increase the spread of wireless sensor networks for better management of our energy.
Electric Contact Heating of Concrete
Published in Boris A. Krylov, Cold Weather Concreting, 2020
Heaters for low-temperature electric heating of concrete have many designs but the most convenient for the heating formwork are string, mesh, rod, strip, and fabric types. Tubular, coaxial, tube-and-rod, and angle-rod heaters are generally not used at construction sites because they are too heavy. The choice of an electric heater depends on the type, size, and configuration of the structure to be heated, available electric power, and whether a particular heater can be obtained or fabricated at the site. Most electric heaters have to be made on the spot.
Spraying Adhesives
Published in Gerald L. Schneberger, Adhesives in Manufacturing, 2018
The one limitation of a material heater is the consumption of energy. The source of heat is usually electric, and thus, there is a cost involved in operating the heater. The advantages far outweigh the limitations, and heaters should be considered for any spray application except as follows:
Design and Control of a Fueled Molten Salt Cartridge Experiment for the Versatile Test Reactor
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2022
Joel McDuffee, Rich Christensen, Daniel Eichel, Mike Simpson, Supathorn Phongikaroon, Xiaodong Sun, John Baird, Adam Burak, Shay Chapel, Joonhyung Choi, Jacob Gorton, D. Ethan Hamilton, Dimitris Killinger, Sam Miller, Jason Palmer, Christian Petrie, Daniel Sweeney, Adrian Schrell, James Vollmer
Heat transfer to the environment due to natural convection and radiation was calculated to determine the approximate size of heater needed. Natural convection from the pipe was solved using Churchill’s Nusselt number correlation for a vertical plate17: