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Oil Pollution: The Baltic Sea
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Each year, ships and industries damage delicate coastal ecosystems in many parts of the world by releasing oil or pollutants into ocean, coastal waters, and rivers. Offshore environments are polluted by mineral oil mainly due to tanker accidents, illegal oil discharges by ships, and natural oil seepage. Shipping activities in European coastal seas, including oil transport and oil handled in harbors, have a number of negative impacts on the marine environment and coastal zone. Oil discharges from ships represent a significant threat to marine ecosystems. Oil spills cause the contamination of seawater, sediments, shores, and beaches, which may persist for several months and even years and represent a threat to marine resources.[1,2]
MASS Design and Engineering
Published in R. Glenn Wright, Unmanned and Autonomous Ships, 2020
Conventional aids to navigation and buoyage within harbors and their approaches are designed for human vision (colors, markings and lights), hearing (gongs, bells, horns and whistles) and Radar reflectivity for vessels to safely navigate within the confines of channels and among other vessels. Existing IMO and national regulations presently do not recognize machine vision as a viable watch standing tool in the absence of seafarers. China, Singapore, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian nations are operating MASS within special testing areas to get around legal and regulatory considerations, while the United Kingdom is treating all territorial and inland waters as open for MASS to operate under license from the appropriate, authorized statutory authorities [ShipTech 2018]. Presently, few provisions exist for test bed locations for MASS research and development within the United States.
The Hard Habitats of Coastal Armoring
Published in Elizabeth Mossop, Sustainable Coastal Design and Planning, 2018
Seawalls refer to shore-parallel structures designed to stop erosion and retreat of the shoreline, limit inundation, and ameliorate wave action (Kraus, 1988) (Figure 23.3a). Seawalls are often vertical walls or steep revetments (embankments), primarily made of concrete, natural stone, riprap, steel, and even treated timbers. They are located at the intertidal zone between marine and terrestrial environments, and many are configured to allow other functions such as boat docking (i.e., as found with bulkhead walls). Breakwaters are coastal structures that protect beaches, harbors, urban shorelines from waves and strong currents (Figure 23.3b) (Nichols and Williams, 2009). They are often linear structures constructed of stone or concrete and can be arranged perpendicular to the shore, or parallel offshore, depending on the criteria of the specific site. Two main classifications of breakwaters exist, those that are vertical in section and those that are mounded or sloped in section. They may also be low-crested (slightly subsurface, or near the surface) or intertidal with parts of the structure exposed during high and low tide. (Note: Sometimes the terms jetty and groin are used interchangeably with breakwater.) Although seawalls and breakwaters are functionally and typologically distinct, both may be similarly modified to improve habitat value utilizing similar principles.
Dewatering of Golden Horn sludge with geotextile tube and determination of optimum operating conditions: A novel approach
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2022
Ümit Karadoğan, Gökhan Çevikbilen, Sevde Korkut, Mehmet Emin Pasaoglu, Berrak Teymur
Dredging deep sediments on a regular basis is critical for maintaining water depth in harbors, marinas, and water channels, as well as for ecological reasons (Bates et al. 2015). Environmental management costs of deep dredged materials can increase considerably with large high-water content and pollution potential. When planning the phases of a dredging activity, it is critical to create a decision tree based on the physical properties and the chemical characterization of the material to be dredged (Başar et al. 2017). These materials are disposed of in one of three ways: to the sea, on land, or for beneficial purposes (OSPAR 2009). Uncontrolled disposal to the sea in a particular area will not only disrupt the area's ecological structure, but will also cause various stability issues on the seabed (Sheehan and Harrington 2012). Because of the high cost, large area, and need for long-term monitoring, land disposal of dredged materials is usually not preferred unless they are classified as hazardous waste in controlled landfills (Agostini, Skoczylas, and Lafhaj 2007; LIFE 2002). The alternative, the use of dredging for beneficial purposes, is a sustainable solution that attracts the attention of many researchers. The productions of the lightweight concrete (Wang 2009; Tang et al. 2011), the daily or intermediate covers and impermeable layers in landfill sites (Riordan, Murphy, and Harrington 2008; Çevikbilen et al. 2020), and the engineering structures such as coastal protection structures with prefabricated vertical drains (Cai et al. 2017) are some examples of these studies based on this alternative usage.
Trace metal leaching from quarry by-product-stabilized marine sediments
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2021
Atul Singh, Margaret Houlihan, Asli Y. Dayioglu, Ahmet H. Aydilek
Dredging operations are necessary to maintain navigation in waterways and access to harbors. Each year, several hundred million tons of materials are dredged from waterways globally (Boutin, 1999, Mattei et al. 2016). These materials, ranging from gravels to clays, can contain a variable amount of organic matter and different types and levels of contaminants (Hamouche and Zentar 2018). Management and storage of dredged materials (DMs) is a worldwide problem, and traditional solutions such as disposing sediments offshore can be constrained by national and international environmental regulations. Alternative solutions, such as land disposal, are costly and require large areas (Grégoire 2004, Rakshith and Singh, 2017). The development of beneficial use strategies for DMs is important in solving these problems.
Mitigation of earthquake-induced damage of breakwater by geogrid-reinforced foundation
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2018
Babloo Chaudhary, Hemanta Hazarika, Akira Murakami, Kazunori Fujisawa
Breakwaters are major protective coastal structures which provide safety to ports and harbors from destructive effects of sea waves, currents, and tsunamis by reflecting and absorbing their wave energies. But in the past few decades, it was observed that many breakwaters were damaged by the earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. For example, several breakwaters failed due to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and subsequent tsunamis (Takahashi et al. 2011; Arikawa et al. 2012, 2013; Hara et al. 2012; Hazarika et al. 2012, 2013; Kazama and Noda 2012; Suppasri et al. 2012; Sugano et al. 2014). The world’s deepest breakwater at Kamaishi port (Iwate Prefecture, Japan) was damaged severely due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami. The failure of breakwater led to entry of tsunami waves in the coastal areas. It resulted in death of more than 900 people, and devastating damage in Kamaishi city. The breakwater failed mainly due to the damage of its foundation. The caissons slid down from the mound, toppled, and sank in the sea. There are several other breakwaters which were also damaged due to the failure of their foundations during earthquake and tsunami. Due to the damage of breakwaters, the tsunami entered the coastal areas and created deep devastation there. Therefore, countermeasures are urgently needed to make a breakwater resilient against an earthquake and tsunami to make coastal areas safe from tsunami-induced devastation.