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Africa
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Sectoral adaptation strategies and resilience policies
Published in Walter Amedzro St-Hilaire, Agribusiness Economics, 2022
Ammonia, for its part, contributes to the degradation of plant biodiversity and the formation of fine particles that are dangerous to human health. In addition to transport operations, emissions occur in particular at the digestion stage. It is necessary to identify the location of these leaks in an overall objective to reduce these emissions. The control of these emissions implies a strong monitoring of these installations, in addition to good operation and correct design. In addition, a method for identifying and quantifying these fugitive emissions has been developed, using an infrared gas detection camera. The use of this method should become systematic in order to certify and label biomethane production in the agricultural sector.Raise the limits of the reinforcement work provided for in the ‘Financing community support for rural electrification' trust account.
Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Considerable potential exists to reduce fugitive emissions through equipment and process changes, equipment maintenance, and containment strategies. Examples of the latter include the use of hoods and negative pressure within a facility to minimize the escape of hazardous materials, or the construction and operation of negative pressure enclosures. Such enclosures are required under occupational safety and health rules for asbestos and lead (Pb) abatement projects. They have the benefit of reducing emissions to the outdoor environment. Under National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) asbestos abatement requirements, friable asbestos materials must be wetted before and during removal operations to prevent visible emissions.
Anaerobic Waste Treatment—Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
Published in Gaetano Joseph Celenza, Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering, 2019
The major disadvantages of anaerobic lagoons are the inability to control performance and problems resulting from gases escaping from large enclosures that are difficult to maintain. Fugitive emissions present a potential air pollution or safety problem, or at least an odor nuisance. In addition, unless the influent is high strength the process operates at low SRT values, making the lagoons extremely susceptible to toxic upsets. These systems have limited industrial application because of stringent effluent discharge requirements, large land requirements, and the potential fugitive emissions associated with these systems.
Fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds from the pharmaceutical industry in China based on leak detection and repair monitoring, atmospheric prediction, and health risk assessment
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Fang Zhao, Yao Peng, Lin Huang, Ziwei Li, Weinan Tu, Biao Wu
Because of cleanliness requirements in the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical enterprises generally have enclosed workshops and gas-collecting equipment where gases from the production line are collected and treated before discharge. However, fugitive emissions are prone to occur at the parts connecting different sections of equipment, such as valves, reaction tanks, pumps, pipelines, and other similar equipment (e.g. centrifugal separators). Pipelines require particular attention as they are responsible for more than 70% of the total fugitive emissions.[16] These leaks lead to increased concentrations of VOCs in the workshop and the surrounding environment, especially in older pharmaceutical factories with aging equipment, lack of maintenance, and high levels of leakage.[17] It has been reported that VOCs concentrations in pharmaceutical workshops can reach up to 33.7 mg/m3, with ethanol and dichloromethane being the most common contaminating components.[18]
Exposure to heavy metals from point pollution sources and risk of incident type 2 diabetes among women: a prospective cohort analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Michael Hendryx, Juhua Luo, Catherine Chojenta, Julie E. Byles
Pollution emission data were taken from the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), a publicly available database from the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy (NPI 2018). The original data gave the amount of chemical emissions in kilograms (kg) from each of thousands of individual facilities in the country, coded as to site latitude and longitude for each year 1998 to 2018. There are a total of 93 pollutants included in the NPI. The current study was limited to 10 heavy metals (As, Be, Co, Cr (VI), Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) emitted to air, land and water, for a total of 30 exposure measures. Air releases included point emissions, fugitive emissions and total emissions. Fugitive emissions are releases not confined to a stack, duct or vent, including equipment leaks, emissions from bulk handling or processing, windblown dust and other industrial processes (NPI 2012). Point emissions and total air emissions were highly correlated and we limited our analysis to total emissions. Land emissions are emissions onto a facility’s site including solid wastes, slurries, sediments, and accidental spills and leaks. Water emissions include licensed discharges to bodies of water, or discharges/overflows of processing waters to surface, marine or groundwater (NPI 2018). Emissions were measured via direct sampling or measurement, mass balance calculations, fuel analysis or other engineering calculations, or production-based emissions factors.
A novel enhanced diffusion sampler for collecting gaseous pollutants without air agitation
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Xuelian Pan, Shaojie Zhuo, Qirui Zhong, Yuanchen Chen, Wei Du, Hefa Cheng, Xilong Wang, Eddy Y. Zeng, Baoshan Xing, Shu Tao
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first device that can sample gaseous PAHs much more efficiently than the conventional passive samplers without agitating the surrounding air mass. Since the concentration change over the soil surface mainly occurs within a few centimeters,[10] the concentration profile can be easily disturbed or destroyed by a air mass disturbance. In this study, the performance of the enhanced diffusion sampler has been successfully demonstrated for studying the near-surface air concentration profiles of gaseous PAHs without air disturbance. In addition, the developed device has a potential to be used in other cases when air agitation is to be avoided. For example, fugitive emissions of various gaseous phase pollutants from a point (e.g., a stove) or a linear (e.g., a busy street) source can be monitored by deploying an array of samplers along the direction in question from the source. In principle, other similar trace chemicals such as organochlorine pesticides or polybrominated diphenyl esters in the air can also be sampled as long as they can be effectively trapped on a sampling media and purged from the chamber. Sorbents other than PUF can be chosen given that the resistance to air flow is sufficiently low. Moreover, chemicals in other fluid media such as water can also be sampled in similar way.