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Climatic Change in Context with Health
Published in Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh, Climate Changes and Epidemiological Hotspots, 2022
Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh
The effect of global warming has made changes in the distribution of water around the world and the availability of water between the regions has been difficult. Many areas are dependent on the limited availability of groundwater and rainfall collection. Climate change has aggravated the situations and the challenges to water resource management were further exacerbated by the increase in sea level rise that leads to the intrusion of sea water into the available freshwater in the coastal areas.
Microbial Control during Hydraulic Fracking Operations
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Renato De Paula, Irwan Yunus, Conor Pierce
Hydraulic fracturing uses multiple sources of water for injection. In many instances, fresh water is utilized in the process, which can be obtained from different sources such as wells, ponds, rivers, and municipalities as treated water. Fresh water contains less than 3,000 ppm of total dissolved salts (TDS). Water containing between 3,000 and 10,000 ppm is defined as brackish water. Waters containing more than 10,000 and 35,000 ppm TDS are considered saline and brine, respectively (Stanton et al., 2017). Water is brought onsite mostly by trucking and stored either in open ponds or tank batteries until the time of use. Although the water can be treated proactively with a biocide before or during storage, it has been proven to be more economical to treat the water at the time of use. At time of use, the water is treated with biocides and scale inhibitors and mixed with other additives shown in Table 6.1 in a blender and immediately injected. Each stage of the fracturing process is completed by adding plugs along the length of the well. Once all the stages are completed, the plugs are removed, and the injected water flows back followed by the produced fluids. The recovered flow back water (about 20%–40% of the injected volume) can be subsequently treated and mixed with fresh water for fracking new wells.
Contaminants of emerging concern
Published in Alistair Rieu-Clarke, Andrew Allan, Sarah Hendry, Routledge Handbook of Water Law and Policy, 2017
The Clean Water Act manages the use and quality of freshwaters, using similar tools and mechanisms to the EU WFD and national rules. States should designate quality standards, and allowable water uses, within their jurisdiction, and discharges are regulated by the EPA or by state authorities. The system establishes total maximum daily loads for specific pollutants and requires permits for discharges. However, the Clean Water Act does not set standards for most pharmaceuticals and the permitting system does not address these.
Systems thinking for the sustainability transformation of urban water systems
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Wan Izar Haizan Wan Rosely, Nikolaos Voulvoulis
In the UK, according to the Environment Agency (EA (Environment Agency), 2021), lack of water presents an “existential” threat, with “climate change raising the alarm for urgent actions to safeguard future supply”. Climate change has a profound impact on water systems (Kundzewicz et al., 2007), and changes in temperature and precipitation levels are considered key influential factors affecting freshwater quality and quantity now and in the future (Zogheib & Voulvoulis, 2019). Meanwhile, the construction, operation and maintenance of urban water infrastructure consume large amounts of energy and materials and produce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Zhang et al., 2019). With the global urgency for countries to meet their emission reduction targets through initiatives such as Energy Conservation, Net Zero and Renewable Energy Sources, water utilities are facing greater pressure to ensure their efficiency in terms of energy consumption and reduction of GHG emissions from their treatment facilities (UKWIR (UK Water Industry Research), 2019; Water UK, 2020). The UK water industry for example was the first sector in the country to commit to Net Zero carbon emissions by 2030 (Water, 2020).
Biosorption of Basic Blue 7 by fungal cells immobilized on the green-type biomatrix of Phragmites australis spongy tissue
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Tamer Akar, Cansu Uzun, Sema Çelik, Sibel Tunali Akar
Various industrial applications produce a wide range of effluents containing organic and/or inorganic pollutants. The majority of these pollutants reachs fresh water sources and causes severe toxicological effects on the aquatic ecosystem and human health (Ali et al.2009; Hernandez-Montoya et al.2013). The contamination of limited water resources with toxic pollutants is a matter of great concern. Synthetic dyes are common pollutants in industrial effluents. Apart from the unpleasant esthetic aspects, dyes impede sunlight transmission and retard the photosynthetic activity of aquatic organisms. Moreover, their presence in water sources impacts other living systems due to their potential toxicity (Gong et al.2006; Malik et al.2007; Tahir et al.2017).
Study of hydrochemical and bacteriological characteristics in Bouhamdane watershed waters, NE Algeria
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2019
Ahmed Samer Touati, Yassine Gueroui, Ammar Maoui
The Bouhamdane basin is located within the semi-arid zone in the North-Eastern part of Algeria (Figure 1). It covers a surface of 1105 km2, occupying the West part of Guelma City with a total population of 113,000 inhabitants. In this area, surface water and groundwater constitute the main sources of fresh water. The importance of the studied area lies mainly on the excessive use of these waters. Indeed, Bouhamdane and Zenati rivers waters feed the Bouhamdane Dam, which is considered as the unique reservoir for drinking water for the Guelma District. They are also used for irrigation of agricultural land in the region of Oued Zenati. Groundwater is used for domestic purposes, hence the need to monitor the quality of these waters.