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Applications in Hydraulic Engineering
Published in James Fern, Alexander Rohe, Kenichi Soga, Eduardo Alonso, The Material Point Method for Geotechnical Engineering, 2019
James Fern, Alexander Rohe, Kenichi Soga, Eduardo Alonso
Free surface hydrodynamics is of significant industrial and environmental importance in hydraulic engineering. However, challenges arise in the implementation of surface boundary conditions on an arbitrarily moving water surface [268]. Due to the fact that the MPM combines the advantages of the mesh-based and mesh-free methods, it is an attractive method for computing free surface flows. MPM has many attractive advantages over other numerical methods [3]. It is convenient to incorporate time-dependent constitutive models because variables are carried by the moving MPs. This allows the spatial and temporal tracking of the history of the material motion. The use of a background mesh facilitates the definition of the boundary conditions offering a strong advantage over other methods. In addition, the MPM is free of the tensile instability that is evident in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) [170,185]. Despite these advantages, there has been little application of MPM in the field of hydraulic engineering.
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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[fluid dynamics] Flow conditions for a system consisting of a conduit with a free surface. A free surface is where a fluid has zero parallel shear stress and is simultaneously subject to constant perpendicular normal stress. Examples of free surface are the boundary between two homogenous fluids, such as the liquid–water interface with the air in the Earth’s atmosphere. This applies, for instance, to channel flow (see Figure O.16).
Non-hydrostatic free surface flows by Oscar Castro-Orgaz and Willi H. Hager, Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 2017, 696 pp., €207.99, ISBN 978-3-319-47971-2 (online), ISBN 978-3-319-47969-9 (print)
Published in Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2018
Free surface hydraulics is a fundamental discipline in civil and environmental engineering. Available books including the classical textbooks of V.T. Chow and F.M. Henderson deal predominantly with shallow flows with a hydrostatic pressure distribution, where Saint Venant theory is applicable. However, there are a large number of fundamental flows where this approach is not suitable. Important examples in hydraulic engineering include the fascinating undular hydraulic jump, the sand waves in an alluvial river, or the flow over a dam spillway crest. These flow types are not theoretically analysed in detail with the Boussinesq’s approach in current open channel books. Therefore, this new book, Non-hydrostatic free surface flows, where the Boussinesq theory is presented in great detail, is a welcome addition to the hydraulic engineering literature.
Prediction of flow around a sharp-nosed bridge pier: influence of the Froude number and free-surface variation on the flow field
Published in Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2020
Recep Kahraman, Matthew Riella, Gavin R. Tabor, Mohsen Ebrahimi, Slobodan Djordjević, Prakash Kripakaran
In order to achieve these objectives, a sharp-nosed pier that is representative of masonry bridge piers is selected for investigation using a rigid-lid approximation and a VOF model. The open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM is employed to simulate the flow behaviour and model the free surface variation. Numerical results are validated against experimental data collected from a flume experiment conducted at the University of Exeter. The influence of the free-surface variation on velocity field is ascertained using simulations for a range of Froude number values.
Hydrodynamic Effect and Seismic Response Analysis of Bridge with Complex Pier Submerged in Reservoir
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Based on the fluid element method (Jiang et al. 2019), considering the fluid-structure coupling effect, the bridge-water interaction analysis model is established by ANSYS (2017). Solid95 is a 3D 8-node solid element that can adapt to irregular shapes without losing too much accuracy. The Solid95 element has a coordinated displacement property function, which can well fit the curve boundaries of the model (Li et al. 2022a, 2022b). Considering the complex structure of the bridge pier, the main beam, pier and tie beam adopt Solid95 element. The main beam is made of C55 concrete, and the bridge piers are made of C40 concrete. Main beam elastic modulus ES is 3.55 × 1010 Pa, mass density ρs is 2.6 × 103 kg/m3, Poisson’s ratio μ is 0.2. The elastic modulus Eh of pier column is 3.0 × 1010 Pa, mass density ρh is 2.44 × 103 kg/m3, Poisson’s ratio μ is 0.2. The bridge adopts drilled and grouted rock socketed piles, so the influence of piles is not considered. Considering that the study of fluid-structure interaction analysis is a spatial problem and requires simulating infinite boundaries, the water flow adopts Fluid130 element. Referring to the hydrological data of Xiaolangdi reservoir, the water density is 1.025 × 103 kg/m3, dynamic viscosity coefficient is 1.05 × 10−3 Pa∙s, sound velocity in water is 1.46 × 103 m/s. The flood frequency designed for the super bridge is once every 300 years. The corresponding flow velocity at bridge site is not greater than 4 m/s, and the maximum water level is 60 m. The rock pile is not considered in the model boundary. Pier bottom is consolidated. The surface of the water is a free surface. The bottom of the water adopts rigid wall interface. The finite element model has 206,776 nodes and 90,752 elements in total, as shown in Fig. 2.