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Design of masonry structures (General rules): Highlights of the new European masonry code
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
The development of comprehensive standards for structural design of buildings is nowadays recognized as fundamental to ensure an adequate performance both in terms of safety and serviceability requirements. According to Anwar et al. (2016), there are different design approaches which have been considered in the evolution stairs of building standards, i.e. intuitive design, code-based design, performance-based design, consequences and risk- based design, and resilience-based design. The Eurocodes can be considered as a design approach in between code- and performance-based design. In the particular case of EN 1996-1-1, the definition of minimum dimensions based on calculation, and certain practical limits, e.g. slenderness of loadbearing walls, can be seen as instruments for a performance-based approach (van der Pluijm 2009).
Factors affecting building materials choice
Published in David Thorpe, Passive Solar Architecture Pocket Reference, 2018
Eurocodes are a suite of harmonised European standards developed by the European Committee for Standardisation that are applicable to all construction works across the European Union. The calculations are useful if similar standards are not extant in other territories. They cover the following aspects of construction:structural design;actions on structures;the design of concrete, steel, composite steel and concrete, timber, masonry and aluminium structures;geotechnical design;design of structures for earthquake resistance.
Current trends in earthquake resistant analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures
Published in A.S. Elnashai, European Seismic Design Practice, 1995
One by one the Eurocodes have become in the last few years prenorms (ENV) in the countries of CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation). The set of Eurocodes covers in a unified and internally consistent way the design actions (permanent and occupancy loads, wind, snow and seismic actions, etc.), rules for the design and construction of concrete, steel, composite (steel-concrete), masonry, aluminium and timber structures, foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects and, last but not least, earthquake resistant design. It includes separate parts for buildings, bridges, towers, silos, tanks, masts, chimneys and pipelines, and is supplemented with other European Norms or ENVs on materials, such as ENV206 for concrete. Regarding concrete, EC2 covers not only the most common case of cast-in-situ normal weight reinforced or prestressed concrete, but also precast, lightweight, or plain (unreinforced) concrete and prestressing with unbonded tendons. During their tenure as prenorms, the Eurocodes are undergoing testing through trial applications and will be the subject of formal inquiries within the CEN countries, in order to become more operational and to narrow the gaps with the diverse and often conflicting national standards currently in use. At the end of this period and around the year 2000 the Eurocodes are expected to be revised and converted into European Norms (ENs). Due to its completeness, rationality and internal consistency and its future application as the single structural design standard in the unified market of the continuously growing group of EU and affiliated countries, the Eurocodes seem bound to penetrate the international market and to strongly affect national standards even in countries far away from Europe.
Selecting Seismic Performance Categories for Post-Installed Fasteners in Concrete
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Anita Amirsardari, Tilak Pokharel, Jessey Lee, Emad Gad
Eurocode allows some parameters, including the assignment of seismic performance category to be defined by each member state. In Germany, the specification of the prequalification requirement for fasteners is provided in the National Annex to EN 1992–4, DIN EN 1992–4/NA (DIN (German Institute for Standardization) 2019) and must be considered when the seismic design of the structure is required in accordance with the EN 1998 series and associated national annexes. It is explained in DIN EN 1992–4/NA that the condition of the base material under seismic conditions, in particular the expected crack width of an opening and closing crack, is important in determining the necessary seismic performance category rather than using the design ground acceleration, soil factor and importance class to determine the expected damage of the structure. Therefore, the seismic performance category is specified based on the permissible crack width of the concrete substrate under seismic actions.
Honing safety and reliability aspects for the second generation of Eurocode 7
Published in Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2019
The current Eurocodes consist of a suite of 10 European Standards, EN 1990 to EN 1999, providing a common approach for the structural and geotechnical design of buildings and other civil engineering works with, at present, 58 parts (i.e. European published standards). The head Eurocode, EN 1990, provides the rules for the basis of design, i.e. the principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of structures that are common to all the Eurocodes parts, including the partial factors on actions, i.e. loads. EN 1991 provides the requirements for the actions on structures, while the other Eurocodes provide the design rules in the case of all the major construction materials, including EN 1997, i.e. Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical Design, with the rules for design involving ground material, i.e. soil, fill and rock. The current EN 1997 has two parts, Part 1: General rules and Part 2: Ground investigation and testing.
Wind Loading of Legacy Infrastructure: Recent Experience from France
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2018
Graham Anthony Knapp, Christian Barré
The Eurocode permits this protection to be taken into account only indirectly in terms of the general effect of reducing wind speed near to the ground. It only permits the direct protection effect of neighbouring buildings to be taken into account on condition of the use of wind tunnel testing. This was the option retained for the northern facade of the Gare d’Austerlitz, which has been in place since 1867 but according to the current wind code is theoretically incapable of supporting the design wind load with a sufficient safety margin. The critical facade is in reality surrounded by buildings of similar height, resulting in a great deal of protection. Tests conducted in the NSA wind tunnel9 at the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB) in Nantes using a 1000-Hz pressure-scanning system to capture the extreme (gust) load effects, followed by load analysis to extract the worst-case loads across the facade for the structural design, demonstrated that the loads were significantly lower than those suggested by the values provided for isolated buildings in the Eurocode. An important consideration in this context is the potential for future changes to the built environment, leading to potential increases in loading. An intermediate option involves the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling to account for the general protection and channelling effect of terrain topography and roughness. A validated example of this approach is provided in Refs. [10,11].