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Air cargo and the environment
Published in Peter S. Morrell, Thomas Klein, Moving Boxes by Air, 2018
Peter S. Morrell, Thomas Klein
There has been growing interest in the environmental impact of aviation, both in terms of noise and aircraft engine emissions. Discussions have included both mitigation measures and methods of internalisation of these external costs. Climate change has been the particular focus following the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent Kyoto Protocol. The need for action at a global level has been further supported by various studies, for example from the UK Stern Report.1 Air transport attracts attention far in excess of its current contribution to CO2 emissions, first because it is a high profile industry, and second because of its impact (still very uncertain) on climate change from NOx and contrails at cruise altitude which result in a multiplier effect (the so-called ‘radiative forcing’ effect).
Conclusion
Published in Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne, Frontiers of Aerospace Law, 2017
With regard to sustaining ability, the regulators of the environmental impact of aviation will necessarily have to bear in mind the vibrant significance of the balanced approach suggested by Resolution A33–7. Essentially, the term ‘sustainable development’ in the context of environmental protection means ‘development which the environment can sustain without being polluted’. The notion that environment is an inextricable and integral part of sustainable development and that environmental issues were not sui generis or stand-alone issues but were incontrovertibly linked to their economic, political and social contexts is critical in the context of aviation and environmental protection. Environmental issues are the necessary corollaries to social processes and should be addressed on the basis of equity, care for nature and natural resources and development of society.
The Regulation of Aviation
Published in Ron Bartsch, International Aviation Law, 2018
Over the past 50 years, the environmental impact of aviation, in particular relating to noise, air quality and climate change, has become a contentious issue. This period has seen a sharp rise in awareness for the environment as a whole and the contribution of the transport sector to its deterioration has led to the creation of new industries, as well as a new set of requirements for aviation stakeholders to comply with. Given that the projected growth figures for commercial aviation activity is about 5 per cent per year over the next 20–25 years, the environmental impacts of aviation are expected to gain more significance against a background of declining impacts from many other sources.
A multi-objective design optimisation of eco-friendly aircraft: the impact of noise fees on airplanes sustainable development
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2018
Umberto Iemma, Fabio Pisi Vitagliano, Francesco Centracchio
Moreover it is easy to understand that, in a such challenging scenario, the introduction of breakthrough technologies is a key enabling factor since the consolidate technology is approaching a development saturation point and the incremental technological innovation is becoming progressively less effective in producing substantial improvements. An extensive literature review goes beyond the link between economic issues and environmental impact of aviation industry, and it is worth mentioning the work developed by Markish and Willcox (2003) who linked financial considerations to performance factors. They also included the uncertainty analysis applying an approach developed in the finance environment to take into account the effect of substantial technical innovations. Antoine and Kroo (2005) introduced the environmental impacts of aircraft within the conceptual design frame, in a multi-objective approach, as an objective function to be minimised. Furthermore, Hall et al. (2013) analyses future air-cabins exploring both optimisation and win–win scenarios. With the aim of considering final consumers’ needs and value all stakeholders involved, they focus on customer-driven approach, even if still valuable are seen technical and design considerations. An additional relevant work is the one developed by Peoples and Willcox (2006), whose focus lies on the financial uncertainties business risk assessment. The first investigation of the interdependencies between acquisition cost and negative externalities of a low-noise aircraft from an airline perspective has been presented in Iemma, Pisi Vitagliano, and Centracchio (2015, 2016). In economics, an externality is a consequence of a business activity experienced by a party different than the ones involved in the activity itself, therefore negative externality are the costs affecting this party. Currently, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization policies (ICAO 2012), airline companies are charged with noise fees based on flight time and the class of the airplane. These incomes are supposed to be re-invested in the implementation of strategies and infrastructural improvements aimed at community noise abatement. It is worth noting that these charges are applied as air navigation fees when a flight is operated. This choice aims at internalising a negative externality, in fact the consequence due to the business activity has an economic impact on the party being the source of the inconvenience. Innovative configurations are then required not only to be financially sustainable but also socially sustainable.