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Overview and Themes
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Geology is the science dedicated to the study of the history, structure, and composition of the earth (Flint and Skinner 1974). The study of anthropogenic or human impacts on the geologic environment is termed environmental geology (Bennett and Doyle 1997). For the most part, the study of geology has been conducted for purely scientific and academic purposes, natural resource exploitation, and geologic hazard evaluation and avoidance. Only recently has the geologic environment in urban areas become of interest to geologists and other scientists in evaluating and documenting the extreme upper portion of the lithosphere defined as that portion affected by human activities. This near-surface geologic environment has become very important in characterizing and remediating sites of environmental contamination and in evaluating risk to the environment and human health. The reason is simple: the near-surface geologic environment frequently acts as the migration pathway for contaminants to travel from a specific point of release to a point of ecologic or human exposure. In many cases this pathway goes undetected because the contaminants migrate beneath the surface of the ground and cannot be observed or detected until it is perhaps too late.
Urban Watersheds
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Urban Watersheds, 2020
Geology is the science dedicated to the study of the history, structure, and composition of Earth (Flint and Skinner 1974; Coble et al. 1987). The study of anthropogenic or human impacts on the geologic environment is termed environmental geology (Bennett and Doyle 1997). For the most part, the study of geology has been conducted for purely scientific and academic purposes, natural resource exploitation, and geologic hazard evaluation and avoidance. Only recently has the geologic environment in urban areas become of interest to geologists and other scientists in evaluating and documenting the extreme upper portion of the lithosphere defined as that portion affected by human activities. This near-surface geologic environment has become very important in characterizing and remediating sites of environmental contamination and in evaluating risk to the environment and human health. The reason is simple; the near-surface geologic environment frequently acts as the migration pathway for contaminants to travel from a specific point of release to a point of ecologic or human exposure. In many cases this pathway goes undetected because the contaminants migrate beneath the surface of the ground, and cannot be observed or detected until it is perhaps too late.
Spatial Rank-Based Augmentation for Nonparametric Online Monitoring and Adaptive Sampling of Big Data Streams
Published in Technometrics, 2023
Xin Zan, Di Wang, Xiaochen Xian
In the era of Internet of Things (IoT), evolving technology of data acquisition devices in communicating-actuating networks enables the generation of big data streams shared across platforms for remote and efficient decision making of many critical systems (Gubbi et al. 2013; Lee and Lee 2015; Son, Kim, and Zhou 2020). IoT enabled systems provide a new paradigm in which real-time and high-speed data streams are collected by an enormous number of sensors deployed for process monitoring, in various real-world applications including but not limited to manufacturing, environmental geology, and healthcare (Vijayakumar and Ramya 2015; Mourtzis, Vlachou, and Milas 2016; Rathore et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2020). Such collected data streams are typically high-volume, high-dimensional, and complex in distribution, which are often referred to as big data streams (Xian, Wang, and Liu 2018; Qiu 2020). In a modern semiconductor production process, for example, massive interdependent process variables can be considered as big data streams, continuously collected by numerous sensors in hundreds of sequential stages for the manufacturers to monitor the status of production and detect faulty manufacturing conditions in real time (Lee et al. 2011; Lee and Lee 2015). Statistical process control (SPC) has been demonstrated effective for handling the complex big data streams and enabling quick detection of abnormalities, which assures the quality and reliability of such IoT enabled systems.
Software development for cloud and internet-of-things (IoT) based remotely controlled four-dimensional (4D) electrical resistivity tomography
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Zhen Wu, Ming Deng, Qisheng Zhang, Yongdong Liu, Zucan Lin, Keyu Zhou, Bentian Zhao, Pengyu Li, Xingyuan Jiang
The history of ERT technology can be traced back to the 1920s, when geologists inserted a certain number of electrodes into the ground and applied a current to measure the changes in the electrical potential on the other electrodes to obtain the stratum distribution underground.[3,4] In 1987, Shima et al.[5] coined the term electrical resistivity tomography and introduced the inversion interpretation method for the first time; their work marked the official beginning of ERT technology. Presently, ERT technology has become an important exploration technology in the field of electrical exploration. It has been widely applied in environmental geology,[6] engineering geology,[7] hydrogeology,[8] and other fields owing to its various advantages, such as convenient implementation, straightforward operation, higher resolution than ordinary electrical resistivity, lower cost, and ease of interpretation. Practical experiments have shown that the ERT can achieve satisfactory results in the exploration for oil and gas formations, mineral deposits, and groundwater resources.
Impact of human activities on urban river system and its implication for water-environment risks: an isotope-based investigation in Chengdu, China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Chengcheng Xia, Guodong Liu, Yuchuan Meng, Zhengyong Wang, Xiaoxue Zhang
According to the geological information, Chengdu Plain is located in the hinterland of the ice-flow water accumulation fan of Minjiang River and covered by Quaternary colluvial deposits. Based on the genetic type and lithologic structure, the upper groundwater aquifer of Chengdu Plain can be classified as 2 types: a Holocene alluvial-diluvial gravel pore phreatic aquifer and an Upper Pleistocene ice-water accumulation silt gravel pore phreatic aquifer. Both aquifers are characterized by a strong water abundance. The thickness of the upper groundwater aquifer ranges from 10 m to 30 m. According to the hydrogeological atlas (1:700,000 scale) produced by the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the hydrological profile across the urban area of Chengdu presents similar characteristics of aquifer. The open-access online map can refer to OSGeo website: https://www.osgeo.cn/map/m04de.