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What is energy?
Published in Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar, Introduction to Energy Analysis, 2020
Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar
The energy conversion efficiency of an activity can be calculated as the total useful energy output, divided by the total energy input. Using Appendix 2, calculate (for Europe EU28) the conversion efficiency of: public electricity plants (also distinguish by fuel, see figures at the bottom of the tables)public CHP plants (also separate electrical and heat efficiencies)oil refineries.
Modular Systems in Natural Gas and Hydrogen Industries
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion, 2019
Researchers at Osaka Gas Company [29–34] have recently developed a plate-type steam–methane reformer system for use with PEM fuel cells, based on earlier work with PAFC systems. The various reactors in the steam–methane reformer system (e.g., desulfurizer, steam reformer, water-gas shift reactor, and CO cleanup stage) are made up of plates of a standard size, greatly reducing the capital cost. Heat transfer and heat integration between reactors is facilitated. A 1 kW reformer was built and tested. Before commercialization, goals are increasing the energy conversion efficiency from present value of about 70% to 77% by reducing heat losses and increasing the lifetime from 5 to 10 years.
Novel supercritical CO2/organic Rankine cycle systems for solid-waste incineration energy harvesting: Thermo-environmental analysis
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Xiaoting Chen, Mingzhang Pan, Xiaoya Li
Table 1 summarized the main state-of-the-art technologies for the WTE plants and listed the main parameters. It can be seen that the technologies for the performance improvement of solid-waste incineration are limited and all are based on conventional RC system. However, the RC system has a limited ability to fully extract the energy from the high-temperature flue gas as indicated by the final temperature of the flue gas, which is even higher than 473.15 K. Besides, current systems show that the maximum efficiency is about 30%, leaving room for further improvement. The technologies have been derived from basic RC system to hybrid systems. However, current hybrid systems either lead to system complexity, such as integrated systems with CFPP, or cause insufficient energy recovery due to selecting RC as the high-temperature cycle. New technologies are required to achieve complete energy recovery and higher energy conversion efficiency.