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Construction materials and main structural elements
Published in Pere Roca, Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani, Historic Construction and Conservation, 2019
Pere Roca, Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani
Chinese carpentry is commonly referred to as the most advanced and refined in timber joints, as stated earlier, distinguished by intricate glueless and nailless connections (Figure 3.51a). Chinese have invented also a wide range of fasteners to hold pieces of wood together, exporting their skills to other Asian countries, for example India, Japan and Korea. One of the most important elements in traditional Chinese architecture is represented by the dougong brackets, which are a unique part for interlocking wooden brackets (Figure 3.51b,c). Figure 3.51d shows the impressive aspect of these connections in real buildings.
Comparative Studies of Computational Fluid Dynamic Geometric Models at Multiple Levels of Details in Evaluating Wind Action on Asian Ancient Wooden Tower
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Yuhang Li, Yang Deng, Aiqun Li, Tao Xu
In order to study the influence of geometrical models with various LoDs, four pagoda models with the scale ratio of 1:50 are established with different geometrical details, named T1 to T4, respectively. T1 is the simplest model and T4 is the most complex model. The model of T1 to T4 are shown in Figure. 3. As shown in Figure 3(a), T1 includes six basic building parts: stone base, walls, roofs, railings, columns of the first outer gallery, and pagoda apex. The outer profiles of T1 are similar to the actual pagoda but the details of pagoda are not considered. Therefore, the LoD of T1 can be defined as LoD200. T2 are modeled based on T1, adding columns and beam on the 2nd to the 5th floors. The key elements of a pagoda are added to explore the effect of wind flow around the brightfloor (Figure 3(b)), and the LoD of T2 can be defined as LoD300. Dougong is an important component in the ancient wooden architecture and has good seismic performance (Chen et al. 2014; Hao 2018). The levels of details about T3 with Dougong is between LoD300 and LoD400, which can be described as LoD350 (Figure 3(c)). T4 adds the ridge of the roof and replace the railing with the hollowed-out railing based on T3 (Figure 3(d)), which is LoD400. LoD100 of a wooden pagoda for CFD geometric models is an octagonal body, which is too simple and rough to investigate the wind flow. As it is difficult and unnecessary to model the wooden pagoda with LoD500 due to the complicated model, four models with LoD200, LoD300, LoD350, and LoD400 are modeled and analyzed in the study.
Effect of Performance Degradation and Infilled Walls on Seismic Fragility Assessment of Traditional Chinese Timber-Frame Structure
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Chenwei Wu, Xicheng Zhang, Jianyang Xue, Hedi Ma, Jianbin Wu
Dougong brackets are unique structural members in the traditional Chinese timber buildings. The Dougong bracket was constructed to transmit the self-weight load of the roof truss and the inter-layer shear force in the horizontal direction to the column-beam frame. Two elastic-plastic rotation springs including a compression spring and a shear spring were adopted to represent the axial and shear behavior of the Dougong bracket, and the springs used in the model are shown in Figure 12. The experimental data of Xue’s study (Xue et al. 2019) was selected to determine the moment-rotation relationships of springs as shown in Figure 13. Firstly the moment-rotation relationships of Dougong are obtained according to the vertical loading test and the low-cycle reciprocating test. And then the scale ratio conversion is adopted to obtain the vertical and horizontal stiffness and bending moment of the Dougong brackets of the Yihe Hall. The linear elastic model was adopted in the hysteretic relationship of the vertical compression spring, while the bilinear linear model was used to simulate the mechanical characteristics of the horizontal shear spring. The key parameters such as the stiffness and bending moments in the spring elements are also given in Figure 13.
The Evolution of the Timber Structure System of the Buddhist Buildings in the Regions South of the Yangtze River from 10th–14th Century Based on the Main Hall of Baoguo Temple
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Jie Liu, Chen Cao, Xiaohe Liu, Leiming Zhang, Bill Liyu Chen, Shoushi Li
The Dougong bracket is one of the most important structural components in ancient Chinese timber structures, reflecting a high level of woodworking craftsmanship. The Dougong is built up of three components, the “Dou”, “Gong”, and “Ang”, as shown in Figure 11. The Dou is a support block with connecting functions. The Dou located on top of the column is typically larger, also call “Ludou”. The Gongis a horizontal flexural member stacked on top of the Dou. The Ang is a sloping flexural member used to balance loadings from roof and the roof eave, in which it also reduces the overall loading on the beams. These three components are connected by mortise and tenon joints and the stacking of these three components can form various sizes and shapes of Dougong. The Dougong is essentially a structural connection and a loading bearing component that gathers the roof loadings onto the columns or beams. It can be built into large components that provides enough structural support for extended roof eaves. The Dougong was also used to identify the hierarchical social status of the buildings; thus usually used in official and religious buildings. The higher the social status of the building, the more complex the Dougong would be.