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Heat Treatment by Induction
Published in Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook, Handbook of Induction Heating, 2017
Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook
In contrast to Factor 1 discussed above, increasing copper wall thickness reduces the size of the water-cooling channel. Originally, the copper tubing was 3/8 × 1/4 in. (9.5 × 6.35 mm), with a 0.048-in. (1.22-mm) wall. This means that the water channel area was 0.278 × 0.154 in. (7.06 × 3.91 mm). Let us say that you increase your copper wall thickness to 1/16 in. (1.59 mm), and then the new water channel area will be only 0.249 × 0.125 in. (6.32 × 3.17 mm). Depending on coil current, this might be too small a water channel to sufficiently cool coil copper that carries several thousand amperes at 30 kHz. Therefore, from this perspective, an increase in copper wall thickness will be a step in the wrong direction.
Water/Wastewater Conveyance
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Copper (seamless, fully annealed, furnished in coils or in straight lengths). In water treatment applications, copper tubing has replaced lead and galvanized iron in service line installations because it is flexible, easy to install, corrosion resistant in most soils, and able to withstand high pressure. It is not sufficiently soluble in most water to be a health hazard, but corrosive water may dissolve enough copper to cause green stains on plumbing fixtures. Copper water service tubing is usually connected by either flare or compression fittings. Copper plumbing is usually connected with solder joints (AWWA, 1996).
Piping Design
Published in Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach, Analysis and Design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2019
Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach
Copper tubing is the second most common piping material and is used extensively for water piping and refrigeration piping. For smaller pipe sizes, copper tubing is often used in HVAC systems in lieu of steel piping because of its lower installation labor costs, even though the material cost is higher. Table 8-2 lists the physical properties for copper tubing for the sizes commonly used in HVAC applications.
Performance evaluation of an automotive air conditioning and heat pump system using R1234yf and R134a
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2021
Mumin Celil Aral, Mukhamad Suhermanto, Murat Hosoz
The experimental system was equipped with instruments for various mechanical measurements with locations shown in Figure 1. The compressor speed was monitored by a photoelectric tachometer. The refrigerant mass flow rate was measured by a Coriolis mass flowmeter located in the liquid line. The refrigerant pressures at the inlet and outlet of the compressor were measured by both pressure transmitters and Bourdon gauges. The refrigerant temperatures were measured at the inlets and outlets of the compressor, outdoor unit, TVXs, indoor unit and reversing valve by type-K thermocouples. Refrigerant thermocouples were in direct contact with the external surface of the copper tubing through thermal paste and wrapped with elastomeric insulation. The temperature measurement points in the refrigeration circuit were indicated with the symbol ‘T’ in Figure 1. Furthermore, the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the air streams entering and leaving the indoor and outdoor air ducts were also measured by type-K thermocouples. Additionally, the air dry bulb temperatures leaving the heaters and entering the indoor and outdoor units were monitored by thermocouples. All air thermocouples were placed in the middle of the related duct cross section to measure the mean temperatures. For air circuits, the symbols ‘T’ and ‘Tw’ indicate the locations at which dry and wet bulb temperatures were measured, respectively. The air speeds leaving the indoor and outdoor air ducts were measured at 16 and 30 uniformly-distributed locations of the related duct flow area, respectively, by a vane anemometer. Then, the air volume flow rates in the indoor and outdoor ducts were evaluated from the mean air speed and flow area as 0.112 and 0.182 m3 s−1, respectively.