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Eutrophication Status in the Regional Seas
Published in Michael Karydis, Dimitra Kitsiou, Marine Eutrophication A Global Perspective, 2019
Michael Karydis, Dimitra Kitsiou
The Caspian Sea is the biggest landlocked endorheic sea of the world. It is located between the eastern part of Caucasus Mountain and the southeastern part of Europe. It is surrounded by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. The area of the water surface is about 400,000 km2 and the water volume 80,000 km3 whereas the length is 1200 km and the width ranges between 170 and 450 km. The total length of the shoreline is 7,000 km and the average depth 180 m. The maximum depth, 1,024 m, is located in a depression in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea morphologically is subdivided into three sub-basins due to its topography and not because of hydrodynamic reasons (Figure 4.5). The flat bottom of the northern part of the Caspian Sea is the shallowest part of the Sea. The middle basin is characterized by uneven bottom topography, whereas the southern part is dominated by the Caspian Depression. The proportional volumes of the three sub-basins, northern, middle and southern correspond to a total volume are 1/100, 1/3 and 2/3, respectively. The water level of the Caspian Sea is about 26 m below the sea surface area.
Overview of landslides distribution in Russian Federation and variations of their activity due to climate change
Published in Ken Ho, Suzanne Lacasse, Luciano Picarelli, Slope Safety Preparedness for Impact of Climate Change, 2017
Landslides distribution and activity, prevalence of the particular types of slope processes depend on the environmental conditions, which are quite variable over the entire territory of Russia:– orographic conditions, varying from lowlands, sometimes below mean sea level (the Peri-Caspian Depression with elevation −28 m) to mountain systems with alpine-type relief and elevations exceeding 5000 m (Caucasus);– climatic conditions, varying from arctic deserts to subtropics;– geological conditions, varying from stable almost aseismic Archean-Proterozoic shields and ancient platforms to modern collision belts, subduction and rift zones with extremely high seismic activity and, locally, with active volcanoes (Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Central Caucasus);
Simple Estimates of Dynamical, Thermal, and Hydrocarbon Maturity Factors
Published in Ian Lerche Ph.D., Kenneth Petersen, Salt and Sediment Dynamics, 2017
Thus, the four major effects of: (1) overpressure below salt; (2) lower temperature below salt; (3) higher porosity in the subsalt regime; and (4) fracturing of subsalt formations are all seen in the North Caspian depression.
Characteristics of features formed by gas hydrate and free gas in the continental slope and abyssal plain of the Middle Caspian Sea
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2021
H. Gerivani, V.A. Putans, L.R. Merklin, M.H. Modarres
The Caspian depression crosses structural elements of different origins. The seismogenic zone distribution correlates well with fields of modern tension in the Caucasus region and with the most likely directions of lithospheric mass movement which is likely northwest (Panina and Zaitsev 2014). The study area in the Central Caspian has relatively high seismicity as shown in Figure 1 and many earthquakes have been recorded during the present century. Based on the distribution pattern of earthquakes, Ivanova and Trifonov (2002) suggested several seismotectonic provinces for the Caspian Sea. According to this classification, the study area is located in the province I. In province I, the main earthquake focal zone including events of upto 6.3 in Richter scale with hypocenter depths of up to 110 km extends along the southwestern slope of the Derbent trough. In the study area, fault F1 (see Figure 1) has an important role on forming continental slope and separates eastern and western side of Derbent Basin, tectonically. While the most of the recorded instrumental earthquakes are located in the western side of fault F1, called continental slope, very rare earthquake events have been recorded in the eastern side of the fault where they are on the abyssal plain.
Organic geochemistry of the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group (Alborz Mountains, NE Iran)
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Malihe Hamidi, Farajollah Fardoust, Mahdi Jafarzadeh, Ahmad Reza Rabbani
The Alborz Ranges in northern Iran form a broad east west trending arc around the southern Caspian depression (Rad 1982). Late Triassic collision between Iran and Turan plates are believed to have been mainly responsible for the present structure of the Alborz (Stocklin 1968). A sedimentary succession from Precambrian to Recent has been exposed in Alborz Mountans. Figure 1, shows the distribution of siliciclastic Shemshak Group (Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic) sediments in Central and Eastern Alborz range.