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Published in Gary Anglin, Introduction to Estimating, Plan Reading and Construction Techniques, 2019
Building floors, walls, and roofs with dimensioned lumber is called rough framing. Installing baseboard, paneling, and molding is termed finish carpentry. The talents for these two differ and sometimes carpenters (and carpentry crews) perform one, or the other, but not both. A subcontractor that completes carpentry work is often called a “framing contractor”. Sometimes a general contractor does carpentry work in-house. It is these contractors who count and estimate the lumber in a project.
Methods of safety prediction: analysis and integration of risk assessment, leading indicators, precursor analysis, and safety climate
Published in Construction Management and Economics, 2020
Matthew R. Hallowell, Siddharth Bhandari, Wael Alruqi
The philosophy behind attribute-based risk assessment is that injuries are the outcome of workers interacting with the fundamental characteristics of the work and work environment like wind, uneven surfaces, specific tools and equipment (Hallowell et al.2016). The technique decomposes the complex nature of trades, tasks, and work environments into their most basic nature and considers the fact that some tasks share attributes and attributes may vary significantly within a trade. For example, when considering the risk of building formwork, an attribute-based safety risk assessment would not consider a generic description of the trade of carpentry or the tasks of framing. Rather, the method would consider the specific tools used, the height of the work, environmental conditions like wind, and so forth. Thus, the same tasks or trades may have dramatically different risk estimates depending on the fundamental characteristics of the work that defines the work. Further, two different trades or tasks may have the same risk profile if they share the same attributes. The emphasis on the context-free nature of these attributes addresses the limitation associated with changes in work plans, environment, and crew dynamics that are likely to occur.
Application of electro-spun nano-fibers based on agriculture cellulosic biomaterial wastes for removal of dye and heavy metal from polluted water
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Salwa Mowafi, Hebat-Allah S. Tohamy
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was kindly provided from Quena Company for Paper Industry, Egypt. Mosaic wood as a waste from carpentry workshop. MW and SCB were air-dried, homogenized to avoid compositional differences between batches. They were grinding to mesh size 450 micron. Wastes of nylon-6 fibers of average molar mass 22500 g/mole were provided by Misr Beida Dyers, Egypt. Formic acid (98%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Other chemicals used were of analytical grades and used without further purification.
Biopolymer composites: a review
Published in International Journal of Biobased Plastics, 2021
Basheer Aaliya, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj, Maximilian Lackner
Coconut fiber or coir is a lignocellulosic fiber located between the outer shell and the husk of coconut (Cocus nucifera), a tropical palm from the family of Arecaceae [13]. It is an abundantly available by-product after coconut processing and mostly used in textiles, ropes, bags, baskets, mats, etc. The durability and hard-wearing quality of coir make it an acceptable reinforcement material in polymers [16]. Coir fiber-reinforced composites are employed in the manufacture of cushions for car and bike seats [3]. Oil palm fiber is also a leading lignocellulosic fiber obtained from trunk, frond, fruit mesocarp, and empty fruit bunch of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) from Arecaceae family. Oil palm fiber has gained growing acceptance as reinforcement for polymer matrices due to its characteristic properties [16]. Bamboo (Bambusoideae) is an evergreen perennial flowering plant from the grass family Poaceae, which grows up to 40 m height in monsoon climate [15]. Bamboo fibers are obtained from the hard trunk, branches, and leaves of the plant mostly through steam explosion and mechanical treatment [16]. Apart from all the natural fiber properties, bamboo fibers exhibit good ultraviolet (UV) light absorbency and are thus employed in hand-made paper, carpentry and construction applications [11,15]. From studies, it is noticed that bundles of bamboo fibers showed sufficient specific strength comparable to conventional glass fibers [15]. Bagasse is the fibrous residue from sugarcane juice milling process. After harvesting, the sugarcane plant (Saccharum officinarum) is crushed between the serrated rollers in the mill. The cellulose and hemicellulose comprise around 70 % of the sugarcane bagasse [19]. Bagasse fibers are gaining acceptance from many researchers as they can be used as a reinforcement material in composite preparation [13]. Wood flour or wood fiber is one of the mostly used natural fillers for numerous applications [2]. Wood fibers, commonly obtained from the wood waste from different processing (like pulp and paper, carpentry, building and construction, etc.) are employed in reinforcement purposes after a simple sieving process [4]. Recently, many novel plant fibers, namely, Parthenium hysterophorus [20], Impomea pescaprae [21], Catharanthus roseus [22], Coccinia grandis stem [23], Carica papaya bark [24], Cardiospermum halicababum [25], Saccharum bengalense grass [26], Tridax procumbens [27], Cereus hildmannianus [28], Ficus racemosa [29], and Dracaena reflexa [30] were observed as a potential reinforcement for polymer matrices than the existing natural fibers.