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Design items
Published in Lonnie Pack, Australian Guidebook for Structural Engineers, 2017
Bunds are generally provided around tanks or vessels to prevent leakage or spillage from contaminating the surrounding soil or watercourse. Bunding is a legislative requirement. Most large projects are required to produce an environmental impact statement (EIS). The EIS details bunding requirements for different scenarios. Legislation may also set out requirements depending on the applicable code. In the absence of more specific information, Australian Standards should be adopted along with good practice. Common references include NOHSC 1015:2001 National Standard – Storage and Handling of Workplace Dangerous GoodsAS 1940 The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquidsAS 2067 Substations and high-voltage installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.AS 3780 The storage and handling of corrosive substancesAS/NZS 4452 The storage and handling of toxic substancesThe Australian Dangerous Goods Code (for transport of dangerous goods)
Concrete deterioration mechanisms (A)
Published in Brian Cherry, Green Warren, Corrosion and Protection of Reinforced Concrete, 2021
Concrete may be subject to chemical attack either from the natural environment or by industrial reagents stored in concrete tanks for example. The comparatively low cost of reinforced concrete compared with (say) stainless steel makes it the material of choice for ‘bunds’ in chemical plants. A bund is a leakproof enclosure which must be constructed below hazardous chemical containing tanks to prevent the escape of such chemicals into the surrounding environment in the event of an accidental spill or other leakage. This section will be primarily concerned with the unavoidable chemical attack that arises from the exposure of reinforced concrete structures to the natural environment.
Combating Strategies
Published in Ajai, Rimjhim Bhatnagar, Desertification and Land Degradation, 2022
In the design of contour bunds, the basic approach is to (i) enhance the stay time of run-off water for allowing better infiltration, (ii) reduce the velocity of run-off water below critical velocity of erosion, especially on the slopes and (iii) protect the soil from erosion caused by the run-off water. They are one of the most basic, yet effective methods to prevent erosion, except in the case of black soils where they often fail. This is because black soil has the tendency to develop cracks. Bunds are normally made of stone boulders or earthen material depending upon slope, rainfall and soil type. Stone bunds are more suitable in areas having high slopes and which get intense rainfall, whereas earthen bunds are preferred on gentle slopes and in low to moderate rainfall areas. Stone bunds are normally preferred over earthen bunds if stones are available in that area. In the case of earthen bunds, grasses are planted on the bunds to make them more stable. While designing the bunds, the important points of consideration are bund type, size, spacing and dimensions. When one talks about the size of the bund, its height, width and slope come into the picture. The height usually depends upon the rainfall intensity and frequency, the slope of the land and bund spacing. Once the height of the bund is determined, other dimensions are computed, depending upon the amount of water to be intercepted. Bund spacing should be such that it must check the water at that point on the ground where the water attains erosive velocity. Usually, the height of the contour bund is about 20–60 cm. Contour bunding is useful in arresting soil erosion, conserving moisture and increasing vegetation cover in undulating as well as in hilly areas.
The drivers for the collapse of Lake Haramaya and proposed integrated rehabilitation strategies
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
Sitotaw Haile Erena, R. Uttama Reddy, Awol Akmel Yesuf
For rolling and moderate slope: Among possible alternatives of soil and water conservation techniques, soil bund that is throwing soil to dawn slope is recommended in areas of rolling slope category. It is suitable mostly in medium and high rainfall areas with well-drained soils. The bund reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion. In the same way, among moderate slope categories, Fanya juu construction, which is a throwing of soil up slopes, also helps to retain the maximum possible rainwater that can cause runoff. Both methods can be applied on cultivated lands with slopes above 3% and below 15% gradient.
Mandalay’s hydraulic system –a historiographical approach to the regional spatial structure
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
A tank, or a reservoir, refers to a man-made pond for water storage. A canal refers to a man-made ditch for the transportation of water. A moat is a ditch which surrounds a palace or a castle, and the Mandalay palace included a water-filled moat around the walled city. A weir is a low dam built across a river to raise and regulate the water level. A bund is an embankment or causeway alongside a tank or canal.