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Traditional systems of drinking water delivery
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
Raziyeh Farmani, Chris Sweetapple
Depending on the topography of an area, tanks could be built as a surface tank (at ground elevation) or as an elevated tank when a surface tank would not provide sufficient head. The location, elevation, and size of the tank can be considered as design variables to reduce the capital and operational costs while delivering high-quality water. For example, overcapacity tanks would result in long retention time and water stagnation at the tank, thereby resulting in deterioration in water quality. Conversely, undercapacity tanks would have a short retention time and so no associated stagnation, but they would be insufficient to provide the required supply at times of peak demand.
Vessels and Tanks
Published in Siddhartha Mukherjee, Process Engineering and Plant Design, 2021
Having done the basic tank calculations, the process engineer now generates the tank process data sheet. A typical tank data sheet illustrates all process features of a tank including the type, dimensions, physical properties of the stored liquid, operating and design conditions, material of construction, corrosion allowances and insulation, to name a few. In addition, the data sheet consists of a nozzle table providing the details of all nozzles in the tank, their designations, sizes and pound ratings. As part of the data sheet, a process sketch is also provided. In addition, there are also certain other items which form part of the tank system, although not specifically a part of the tank specification. These particularly include the conservation vents and blanketing valves, in addition to instrumentation items like pressure, temperature and level instruments. These items are also specified in the form of instrument data sheets. This completes the tank system design.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
MC/DOT 306–406 tanker (Figure 4.12) is primarily an atmospheric pressure, noninsulated, flammable liquid container that is hydrostatically tested to 3 psi. Capacities vary from 2,000 to 9,000 gallons. It generally has an elliptical shape, although some manufacturers make a round version, and is used to haul gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, and other flammable liquids. Materials used to construct these tanks include aluminum, steel, and stainless steel. Baffles installed within the container limit product movement during transportation.
Numerical Investigation of an Optimum Ring Baffle Design to Optimize the Structural Strength of a Tank Subjected to Resonant Seismic Sloshing
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
Yasir Zulfiqar, M. Javed Hyder, Ahmad Jehanzeb, Hafiz Waqar Ahmad, Asim Zulfiqar, Umer Masood Chaudry, Tea-Sung Jun
Past seismic activities such as the 1906 San Francisco, 1960 Chilean, 1964 Niigata and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes have demonstrated the poor performance of liquid storage tanks under seismic excitation.1 They are prone to structural damage or even collapse due to seismic sloshing.2 The phenomenon that occurs due to the movement of the free surface in a closed container is termed sloshing. Ref. [3] classified the movement of the free surface into three different slosh modes, namely lateral, vertical and rotational sloshing. Large capacity liquid storage tanks are strategically very important and are used to store a variety of fluids, e.g. water for the distribution system and firefighting, petroleum, chemicals, Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), etc. The seismic response of liquid-containing tanks is quite complex and complicated as compared to ordinary civil structures due to the sloshing and the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) phenomenon. Therefore, to design such storage structures, a deep understanding of fluid motion during sloshing is required.
Why doesn’t every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda
Published in Water International, 2018
Chad Staddon, Josh Rogers, Calum Warriner, Sarah Ward, Wayne Powell
The above suggests that NGOs involved in promoting DRWH are sometimes promoting a standard-size tank without proper calculation of household size, and therefore need differentials. In some locations, the standard size recommended by the government is 6 m3, though beneficiaries must contribute higher co-payments to obtain larger sizes, leading to smaller tanks being constructed. In addition to size specification, however, we identify exclusivity of supply (the extent to which a household may or may not have access to other sources) as a key variable in determining the adequacy of a given tank size. Linked to this is the issue of maintenance, since tanks need periodic (at least annual) cleaning to ensure maximum storage volumes and minimization of propensity to store ‘bad’ water. With regard to operations and maintenance, two of the three NGOs we worked with indicated that after the installation of the tank, their assistance relating to the tank stops, and maintenance becomes the responsibility of the household. With limited resources and skills it may be difficult for households to maintain their tanks, leading to broken pumps or taps, cracks in the tank, and collapsed lids, all of which were seen in the survey. In the focus groups, four district representatives mentioned that DRWH tanks frequently fail to remain operational – in one community of 150 ferro-concrete tanks, 28 were broken ‘beyond repair’ within only a few years of commissioning. A census of tanks conducted by the authors during the 2017 and 2018 field seasons found that about 10% had suffered (usually preventable) damage inhibiting operation.7
Numerical investigation of inlet section structure effect on wear characteristic of particle condition in centrifugal slurry pump by CFD-DEM coupling
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Xiuwei Shi, Wujian Ding, Chunjie Xu, Fangwei Xie, Zuzhi Tian
Figure 5 shows the text bed of the pump. The test bed consisted of the pump, the pressure sensor, the electromagnetic flow meter, the PLC control cabinet, and the tank. The inlet and outlet of the centrifugal pump were equipped with pressure sensors to measure the pressure in the system, and the flow rate was measured using an electromagnetic flow meter. The PLC control cabinet controls the operation of the pump and collects sensor data. The tank is used for the storage of liquid.