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Wound Ballistics
Published in Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson, Ballistics, 2018
Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson
Larger caliber and/or blunter projectiles deposit more kinetic energy in a target because they have greater drag. Projectiles that expand deposit more kinetic energy into the target. This is why there are projectiles that are designed to expand by using a hollow point, slit jackets, lower hardness core, etc. Higher drag projectiles deposit more kinetic energy into the target. Projectiles that fragment deposit more kinetic energy into the target as well.
Various Carbon Materials Action on the Burning Rate Modifiers of Low-Calorie Double-Base Propellant
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Vladimir A. Sizov, Anatoly P. Denisyuk, Larisa A. Demidova
The burning rate of gunpowders and solid rocket propellants is one of the most important characteristics determining the design features of the charges and weapon systems. To create solid propellants and artillery systems for various purposes and caliber, propellants that have different burning rates, sometimes differing by tens or more times, are used. A significant problem is a possibility of regulating the propellant burning rate without reducing their energy characteristics. And not only increasing but also reducing the burning rate, i.e., to increase the expansion ratio of the engine nozzle and, as a result, significantly increase the specific thrust. The most effective method of controlling the burning rate is the use of relatively small amounts of ballistic modifiers – inhibitors and catalysts. The latter’s use makes it possible to influence the propellants burning rate without significant changes in other characteristics within a wide pressure range.
Erosion behaviour of cobalt-based coatings with different carbide contents under high-speed propellant airflow
Published in Surface Engineering, 2020
Xiangdong Men, Fenghe Tao, Lin Gan, Weiran Duan, Yue Li, Xianghua Bai
Cobalt-based alloys exhibit excellent wear resistance [1], high temperature resistance [2], and corrosion resistance [3,4]. These materials are used in barrel weapons to resist the erosion [5,6] and wear [7] of the inner wall of the tube and ensure the performance and service life of the weapon [8–10]. For over 50 years, cobalt-based alloys have been used by the United States Army as short liners for M2 machine guns to reduce the erosion and wear of machine gun barrels and improve their service life [11]. In recent years, with the increasing requirements of the barrel weapon performance, the temperature and pressure in gun bore increase and the erosion and wear of the gun barrel become serious, especially in high-pressure and large-caliber guns. These phenomena have seriously affected the performance and service life of the weapons [6]. Therefore, the continuous development of surface protection technology has led to exploration of further application of cobalt-based alloys in gun barrels to solve the growing problems of erosion and wear of gun barrels.
A Hotspot Model for PBX Explosive Charge Ignition in a Launch Environment.
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Wei Liu, Guoping Wang, Xiaoting Rui, Jian Gu, Xin Zhao
With the requirement of large caliber, long-range and great power of artillery in modern warfare, the launch environment of high-performance artillery with high loading density, high bore pressure, and high muzzle velocity is more and more harsh, accidents of breech blow occur frequently in weapon development, military exercises, and battlefields all over the world. Launch unsafety results in weapon destruction and casualty. It is a major international technical problem that seriously restricts the development of weapons in various countries for a long time. Many facts indicate that the explosives accidental ignition in launch environment is one of the reasons of breech blow, and its mechanism is the research focus on launch safety of explosive charge (ANDERSEN 2007; Hongwei and Yao 2004; John Starkenberg 1989; Lian 1992; Myers 1981; Y Q and Huang 2013). The main reason for breech blow is that the gas in the base gap and defect is compressed, resulting in the gas temperature rising and a hot spot. Due to the heat conduction, the temperature of explosives near the base gap and defect is increased and even ignited under the condition of high acceleration loading (Lian 1992). The simple schematic of a projectile with a base gap is shown in Figure 1. Hot spot – Mechanical or electrical energy is converted into heat in localized regions by a range of mechanisms. It is necessary to understand the various “hot spot” formation processes and the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of the explosive (Field et al. 2014). Therefore, it is important to establish a meso-scale model that can describe the hot spot formation process of high explosives effectively and accurately. The phenomenological models established in the 1980s (such as ignition growth model (Lee and Tarver 1980), Forest-fire model (Tarver 1976), JTF model (Johnson, Tang, Forest et al. 1985) and HVRB model (Starkenberg 2002)) are applicable in the initiation process description and the detonation performance estimate of explosive under impact loading but fails to directly describe the hot spot formation process in explosives. The viscous or plastic heating of the surrounding matrix material in the process of pore collapse is one of the main reasons for the formation of hot spot (Field et al. 2014). The pore collapse model has attracted wide attention from scholars at home and abroad, due to its accurate description of the hot spot formation process (Menikoff 2004; Yanqing and Huang 2011; Zhao 2011).