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Mechanical (or pressure) pointing
Published in A. M. Sowden, The Maintenance of Brick and Stone Masonry Structures, 2020
If there are very wet areas of brickwork, holes should be drilled through it and pipes mortared in to conduct the water away before pointing. This should reduce the area requiring wet pointing but will also provide injection points for sequence grouting if general waterproofing is sought.
Strength and Elastic Properties of Grouted Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Prisms
Published in P. C. Thomas, Vishal John Mathai, Geevarghese Titus, Emerging Technologies for Sustainability, 2020
Manish S. Dharek, S. Raghunath, C. P. Ashwin
It is well known fact that the brickwork/blockwork form an attractive cladding and that both brickwork and blockwork are durable materials with good thermal and acoustic insulation, excellent fire resistance, etc. Although, it is hard for the engineers to believe that both are economic structural materials which can be built faster and more economically and easily than their present rivals like steel and concrete. Brick work and block work like concrete, have high compressive strength but relatively low tensile resistance. Like concrete, reinforcing or post tensioning can be used to relieve the tensile stresses. Reinforced masonry has been used in many Asian countries since the First world war and became popular in America after the second world war. However due to scarce data available on performance of masonry especially under lateral and dynamic loads, engineers are hesitant till to date to explore masonry as a structural material. The present work is aimed at studying experimentally the stress strain behavior of unreinforced and reinforced masonry prisms
External walls: brickwork and stonework
Published in Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann, Understanding Housing Defects, 2013
Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann
Brickwork is generally a durable material with modern methods of manufacture ensuring good quality control. Problems experienced in the past, such as under-firing (leading to softness) or over-firing (leading to brittleness), deterioration through reactive materials, lamination, distortions, and differing sizes, are now rare.
Building Archaeology of the Alcazaba of Guadix (Granada, Spain): An Example of Implanting Power in the Urban Centres of Al-Andalus
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Jorge Rouco Collazo, José Mª. Martín Civantos, José Antonio Benavides López
Phase III saw the second greatest amount of reforms at the Alcazaba since those of Subphase Id. Moreover, these reforms have conditioned the image of the Alcazaba that has endured until today. This period coincides with the stint (1810–1812) in which the Napoleonic troops were quartered in this fortress. This occupation led to the destruction of the features standing inside the complex and the flattening of its interior. Many elements were looted and reused to raise new curtain walls aligned next to the walls in the space between the towers so as to gain useful space (Martín Civantos and García 2009). These walls feature a mixture of masonry (including fragments of tapia used as masonry) with rows of brickwork bonded by a grey mortar. The looting left gaps both in the upper part of Tower 10014 and in the interior of walled up Towers 20002 and 20004 of the North gate.
Seismic Analysis of a Three-Tiered Pagoda Temple Affected by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
Yohei Endo, Toshikazu Hanazato
The studied pagoda, Radha Krishna temple, was a three-tier pagoda. The ground tier was composed of two areas, outer one as sanctuary and inner one as altar. The roof was covered with thick mud and ceramic tiles, as resulted in very heavy dead weight. Masonry was composed of brickwork with mud mortar. As a result, the masonry wall had very low stiffness and limited strength. The sanctuary wall at the ground tier was supported on 12 rather slender timber columns. The walls of each tier were discontinued vertically between the second and first tier. Due to these structural features, the pagoda was considered unfavourable in terms of seismic behavior. The structure went through a large-scale intervention in 1992. Along the top of the ground and first tier, a concrete ring beam was installed. At the bottom of the second tier, cross steel I-beams were located. These interventions were not effective or even deteriorated the seismic behavior of the pagoda. In fact, the entire structure was collapsed during the Gorkha earthquake in 2015.
Performance of Heritage Structures during the Nepal Earthquake of April 25, 2015
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2019
Apil KC, Keshab Sharma, Bigul Pokharel
Most heritage structures in Kathmandu Valley are made of brick masonry in mud or lime mortar with or without timber. Since the bricks are laid on the mud mortar, these structures possess very low strength (Table 2) and exhibit a brittle nature of failure, resulting in sudden collapse. Poor quality of brickwork is observed, as the bond is not uniform and larger amount of mortar seems to be used, in the brick masonry structures (Figure 17d) of collapsed on. There was a big gap between its material type and height as well as its strength and stability for such level of shaking with the type of material (brick with mud mortar) used in Dharahara tower (Figure 36). In some cases, poor quality of timber was found to have been used in the timber frame and the diaphragm, which reduced the performance of heritage structures during earthquakes.