China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Ash: State-of-the-Knowledge
Published in Robert E. Landreth, Paul A. Rebers, Municipal Solid Wastes, 2020
Bottom Ash — Bottom ash is a heterogeneous mixture of slag, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, glass, other non-combustibles, and uncombusted organics. Up to 20% of the bottom ash has a particle size of >10 cm, consisting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, slags, and construction-type materials. The fraction <10 cm is somewhat uniform with up to 10% fines <200 mm. This latter fraction resembles well graded sand and gravel. Bottom ash is a very porous lightweight aggregate with high specific surface areas. It has dry densities of 950 kg/cm3 or higher, with specific gravities of 1.5 to 2 for the fine fraction and 1.8 to 2.4 for the coarse fraction.
Nanotechnology
Published in Vanesa Calvino-Casilda, Antonio José López-Peinado, Rosa María Martín-Aranda, Elena Pérez-Mayoral, Nanocatalysis, 2019
Pablo Fernández-Rodríguez, Jorge Hurtado de Mendoza, José Luis López-Colón, Antonio José López-Peinado, Rosa María Martín-Aranda
Incineration is another possible alternative at the end of the life of the nanomaterial. The combustion of waste takes place in an oxidizing ambient at high temperatures. During the process, nanomaterials can be totally or partially transformed depending on the different conditions in the oven and the reactivity of the nanomaterial. Depending of the characteristics, the nanomaterials can also remain unaltered. The non altered part normally get released into the environment, but also can be retained in the filters. The treatment of the bottom ash formed is generally disposed in landfills, depending of the local regulations.
Incineration, Pyrolysis, and Energy Recovery
Published in Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell, Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 2017
Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell
An incinerator produces two distinct types of ash: bottom ash and fly ash. Bottom ash is the residue left from the burned waste and often contains partially burned materials. Bottom ash accounts for about 90% of the volume of ash that is generated. Fly ash consists of the particulates removed from the flue gas. Fly ash is more uniform in composition than bottom ash.
Experimental study of polypropylene fibre-reinforced clay soil mixed with municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023
Lihua Li, Tianbao Zang, Henglin Xiao, Weiqiang Feng, Yongli Liu
As China develops, more waste materials are being produced, the recycling of which poses a critical problem in achieving sustainable development. Liu et al. (2015, 2018, 2019) applied the principle of inhibition of alkali – silica reaction expansion and mixed waste aggregate with cement, so that several construction and industrial waste materials are treated, thereby improving the strength of concrete. Fly ash and slag geopolymers have been used in stabilising demolition materials, which were applied to the base and sub-base of a pavement (Mohammadinia et al., 2016). However, domestic waste is usually treated using incineration (Lam et al., 2010; Linak & Wendt, 1993; Sabbas et al., 2003), and the State Council's ‘13th Five-Year Plan’ for ecological and environmental protection estimates that waste incineration treatment rate will reach 40% by 2020. As a substantiable approach, the bottom ash produced during municipal solid waste incineration could be utilised as a substitute for conventional natural aggregate, which has been used in the construction of dykes and roadbeds. It is also economical and environment-friendly to use the bottom ash from waste incineration. However, bottom ash typically possesses low shear strength and high compressibility, which may cause excessive settlements and stability problems during and after construction. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the optimised performance of bottom ash materials for application in related projects.
Performance study on strength, morphological, and durability characteristics of coal pond ash concrete
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Bottom ash is a coarse particle obtained from the bottom of the furnace in the thermal power station, which differs from fly ash by its particle size range (Singh, Mithulraj, and Arya 2018). The bottom ash was utilized as supplementary cementitious material for its high silica content (Kurama and Kaya 2008). The concrete made with blended cement is more resistant when exposed to sulfate and chloride solutions. Hence, the usage of bottom ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete could be a feasible solution for improving the strength and durability performances (Dehwah 2007). While the concrete was mixed with blended cement, the consumption of calcium hydroxide in the cement matrix increased and the permeability decreased (Sancak and Ozkan 2015). The use of ground bottom ash as a partial replacement in concrete improved its compressive strength (Jaturapitakkul and Cheerarot 2003). The strength was enhanced by 6% when utilizing 10% ground coal bottom ash as a partial replacement for cement. In addition, the substitution of cement with 10% ground coal bottom ash increased compressive strength by 14% (Khan and Ganesh 2016). The grinding process could improve the pozzolanic activity of the ground bottom ash (Cheriaf, Rocha, and Péra 1999).
Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
A. Ramesh Kumar, Atul Narayan Vaidya, Ishan Singh, Kajal Ambekar, Suyog Gurjar, Archana Prajapati, Gajanan Sitaramji Kanade, Girivyankatesh Hippargi, Ganesh Kale, Sandeep Bodkhe
The total metal content of BMW bottom ash samples were given in Table 2. The results indicate that bottom ash is enriched with toxic metals such as cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead, and nickel. Metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, and zinc were detected in appreciable quantities. The content of metals was in the order Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co. A wide variation in the concentration ranges of the metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and nickel were observed (1–2 orders of magnitude). Cadmium and cobalt were relatively less with the range of 0.6–30.9 mg/kg and ND–4.4 mg/kg, respectively. Bottom ash from China also showed similar levels of cadmium and cobalt, compared to other metals.[40] Chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, and lead were present in the range of <100 mg/kg to several hundred mg/kg levels. Iron was present in the range of 1036.5–7447.5 mg/kg. Concentration of zinc was comparable in all ash samples with the range of 1145.6–1853.7 mg/kg. The observed concentration variation between different ash samples was mainly due to differences in the feed BMW composition and the different degree of partition of metals between fly and bottom ash components.